Deposition History of Polychlorinated Biphenyls to the Lomonosovfonna Glacier, Svalbard: A 209 Congener Analysis

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• 作者：Olga Garmash ; Mark H. Hermanson ; Elisabeth Isaksson ; Margit Schwikowski ; Dmitry Divine ; Camilla Teixeira ; Derek C. G. Muir
• 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
• 出版年：2013
• 出版时间：November 5, 2013
• 年：2013
• 卷：47
• 期：21
• 页码：12064-12072
• 全文大小：402K
• 年卷期：v.47,no.21(November 5, 2013)
• ISSN：1520-5851

文摘

A 37 m deep ice core representing 1957鈥?009 and snow from 2009 to 2010 were collected on the Lomonosovfonna glacier, Svalbard (78.82掳 N; 17.43掳 E) and analyzed for 209 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Congener profiles in all samples showed the prevalence of tetra- and pentachlorobiphenyls, dominated in all samples by PCB-44, PCB-52, PCB-70 + PCB-74, PCB-87 + PCB-97, PCB-95, PCB-99, PCB-101, and PCB-110. The 鈭慞CB flux varied over time, but the peak flux, 19 pg cm^鈥? year^鈥? from 1957 to 1966, recurred in 1974鈥?983, 1998鈥?009, and 2009鈥?010. The minimum was 5.75 pg cm^鈥? year^鈥? in 1989鈥?998, following a 15 year decline. Peak 鈭慞CB fluxes here are lower than measured in the Canadian Arctic. The analysis of all 209 congeners revealed that PCB-11 (3,3鈥?dichlorobiphenyl) was present in all samples, representing 0.9鈥?.5% of 鈭慞CB. PCB-11 was not produced in a commercial PCB product, and its source to the Arctic has not been well-characterized; however, our results confirm that the sources to Lomonosovfonna have been active since 1957. The higher fluxes of 鈭慞CB correspond to periods when average 5 day air mass back trajectories have a frequency of 8鈥?0% and reach 60掳 N or beyond over northern Europe and western Russia or the North Sea into the U.K.