Stocks and Flows of PBDEs in Products from Use to Waste in the U.S. and Canada from 1970 to 2020

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• 作者：Golnoush Abbasi ; Andreas M. Buser ; Anna Soehl ; Michael W. Murray ; Miriam L. Diamond
• 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：February 3, 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：49
• 期：3
• 页码：1521-1528
• 全文大小：387K
• ISSN：1520-5851

文摘

The time-dependent stock of PBDEs contained in in-use products (excluding building materials and large vehicles) was estimated for the U.S. and Canada from 1970 to 2020 based on product consumption patterns, PBDE contents, and product lifespan. The stocks of penta- and octaBDE peaked in in-use products at 17鈥?00 (95% confidence interval: 6000鈥?0鈥?00) and 4000 (1000鈥?0鈥?00) tonnes in 2004, respectively, and for decaBDE at 140鈥?00 (40鈥?00鈥?00鈥?00) tonnes in 2008. Products dominating PBDE usage were polyurethane foam used in furniture (65% of pentaBDE), casings of electrical and electronic equipment or EEE (80% of octaBDE), and EEE and automotive seating (35% of decaBDE for each category). The largest flow of PBDEs in products, excluding automotive sector, to the waste phase occurred between 2005 and 2008 at 鈭?0鈥?00 tonnes per year. Total consumption of penta-, octa-, and decaBDE from 1970 to 2020 in products considered was estimated at 鈭?6鈥?00, 鈭?5鈥?00, and 鈭?80鈥?00 tonnes, respectively. Per capita usage was estimated at 10鈥?50, 10鈥?50, and 200鈥?000 g路capita^鈥?路y^鈥? for penta-, octa-, and decaBDE, respectively, over the time span. Considering only the first use (no reuse and/or storage) of PBDE-containing products, approximately 60% of the stock of PBDEs in 2014 or 鈭?0鈥?00 tonnes, of which 95% is decaBDE, will remain in the use phase in 2020. Total emissions to air of all PBDEs from the in-use product stock was estimated at 70鈥?00 tonnes between 1970 and 2020, with annual emissions of 0.4鈥? tonnes路y^鈥? for each of penta- and octaBDE and 0.35鈥?.5 tonnes路y^鈥? for decaBDE in 2014.