Pyrolysis of Almond Shells. Energy Applications of Fractions
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- 作者：Juan F. Gonzá ; lez ; Antonio Ramiro ; Carmen M. Gonzá ; lez-Garcí ; a ; José ; Gañ ; á ; n ; José ; M. Encinar ; Eduardo Sabio ; and Jesú ; s Rubiales
- 刊名：Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
- 出版年：2005
- 出版时间：April 27, 2005
- 年：2005
- 卷：44
- 期：9
- 页码：3003 - 3012
- 全文大小：156K
- 年卷期：v.44,no.9(April 27, 2005)
- ISSN：1520-5045
文摘
The pyrolysis of almond shells residues were studied in nitrogen atmosphere in a laboratoryfixed bed reactor. The influence of the temperature (300-800 
C) and the heating rate (5-20 Kmin-1) on the composition and properties of the different fractions were analyzed. As thetemperature was increased a decrease in the char yield and an increase in the gas yield wasobserved. The oil fraction yield passed through a maximum at temperatures between 400 and500 C. The decline at higher temperatures was likely due to the strong cracking, which increasedthe gas yield. The increase of the heating rate leads to a slight decrease of the char and oilyields and an increase of the gas yield. The production varied in the ranges between 21.5 and47.3% for char, 31-51.5% for oil, and 11.4-47.5% for gas, with a maximum higher heating valueof 29.0 MJ kg-1, 14.1 MJ kg-1, and 15.5 MJ N-1 m-3, respectively. The char had a high fixed-carbon content (>76%) as well as a high heating value, and therefore it could be used as solidfuel, precursor in the activated carbons manufacture (specific surface area BET until 121 m2g-1), or to obtain category-A briquettes. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and hydroxyl andcarbonyl compounds were the majority components of the oil fraction, which suggests their useas a source of chemicals of industrial interest. Also, it can be used as liquid fuel. The gascomposition was identified as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, and carbon dioxide andcan be used to heat the pyrolysis reactor or to generate heat/electricity in a gas-turbine/vapor-turbine combined cycle.
C) and the heating rate (5-20 Kmin-1) on the composition and properties of the different fractions were analyzed. As thetemperature was increased a decrease in the char yield and an increase in the gas yield wasobserved. The oil fraction yield passed through a maximum at temperatures between 400 and500 C. The decline at higher temperatures was likely due to the strong cracking, which increasedthe gas yield. The increase of the heating rate leads to a slight decrease of the char and oilyields and an increase of the gas yield. The production varied in the ranges between 21.5 and47.3% for char, 31-51.5% for oil, and 11.4-47.5% for gas, with a maximum higher heating valueof 29.0 MJ kg-1, 14.1 MJ kg-1, and 15.5 MJ N-1 m-3, respectively. The char had a high fixed-carbon content (>76%) as well as a high heating value, and therefore it could be used as solidfuel, precursor in the activated carbons manufacture (specific surface area BET until 121 m2g-1), or to obtain category-A briquettes. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and hydroxyl andcarbonyl compounds were the majority components of the oil fraction, which suggests their useas a source of chemicals of industrial interest. Also, it can be used as liquid fuel. The gascomposition was identified as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, and carbon dioxide andcan be used to heat the pyrolysis reactor or to generate heat/electricity in a gas-turbine/vapor-turbine combined cycle.