Early Diet Impacts Infant Rhesus Gut Microbiome, Immunity, and Metabolism
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- 作者：Aifric O鈥橲ullivan ; Xuan He ; Elizabeth M. S. McNiven ; Neill W. Haggarty ; Bo L枚nnerdal ; Carolyn M. Slupsky
- 刊名：Journal of Proteome Research
- 出版年：2013
- 出版时间：June 7, 2013
- 年：2013
- 卷：12
- 期：6
- 页码：2833-2845
- 全文大小：591K
- 年卷期：v.12,no.6(June 7, 2013)
- ISSN：1535-3907
文摘
Epidemiological research has indicated a relationship between infant formula feeding and increased risk of chronic diseases later in life including obesity, type-2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The present study used an infant rhesus monkey model to compare the comprehensive metabolic implications of formula- and breast-feeding practices using NMR spectroscopy to characterize metabolite fingerprints from urine and serum, in combination with anthropometric measurements, fecal microbial profiling, and cytokine measurements. Here we show that formula-fed infants are larger than their breast-fed counterparts and have a different gut microbiome that includes higher levels of bacteria from the Ruminococcus genus and lower levels of bacteria from the Lactobacillus genus. In addition, formula-fed infants have higher serum insulin coupled with higher amino acid levels, while amino acid degradation products were higher in breast-fed infants. Increases in serum and urine galactose and urine galactitol were observed in the second month of life in formula-fed infants, along with higher levels of TNF伪, IFN-纬, IL-1尾, IL-4, and other cytokines and growth factors at week 4. These results demonstrate that metabolic and gut microbiome development of formula-fed infants is different from breast-fed infants and that the choice of infant feeding may hold future health consequences.