The Flame Retardant 尾-1,2-Dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane: Fate, Fertility, and Reproductive Success in American Kestrels (Falco sparverius)

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• 作者：Sarah C. Marteinson ; Robert J. Letcher ; Laura Graham ; Sarah Kimmins ; Gregg Tomy ; Vince P. Palace ; Ian J. Ritchie ; Lewis T. Gauthier ; David M. Bird ; Kim J. Fernie
• 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology (ES&T)
• 出版年：2012
• 出版时间：August 7, 2012
• 年：2012
• 卷：46
• 期：15
• 页码：8440-8447
• 全文大小：304K
• 年卷期：v.46,no.15(August 7, 2012)
• ISSN：1520-5851

文摘

Captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were exposed via diet during reproduction to an environmentally relevant concentration of 尾-1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (尾-TBECH). The 尾-TBECH isomer was injected into the food source at a daily dosing concentration of 0.239 ng/g kestrel/day (22 pairs); control birds were exposed via diet to the safflower oil vehicle only (24 pairs). Eight pairs in each group were exposed for four weeks and sacrificed for tissue analysis; the remaining pairs completed their breeding cycle, with exposure ceasing at the end of incubation (82 days). 伪- and 尾-TBECH appeared to be rapidly metabolized and/or eliminated from fat, liver, and plasma; both isomers and potential hydroxylated metabolites of 尾-TBECH (plasma) were undetected. Notwithstanding, compared to controls, pairs exposed to 尾-TBECH laid fewer eggs (p = 0.019) and laid lighter eggs (successful eggs: p = 0.009). Exposed pairs also demonstrated poorer egg fertility (p = 0.035) although testis mass and histology were similar among males. Reductions in egg production and fertility resulted in decreased hatchling success (p = 0.023). The 尾-TBECH-exposed pairs also produced fewer males overall (p = 0.009), which occurred concurrently with increased estradiols maternally deposited in eggs (p = 0.039). These findings demonstrate that 尾-TBECH may be detrimental for breeding in wild birds receiving similar exposure levels.