Improving NOx Cap-and-Trade System with Adjoint-Based Emission Exchange Rates
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- 作者：S. Morteza Mesbah ; Amir Hakami ; Stephan Schott
- 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology (ES&T)
- 出版年：2012
- 出版时间：November 6, 2012
- 年：2012
- 卷：46
- 期：21
- 页码：11905-11912
- 全文大小：514K
- 年卷期：v.46,no.21(November 6, 2012)
- ISSN：1520-5851
文摘
Cap-and-trade programs have proven to be effective instruments for achieving environmental goals while incurring minimum cost. The nature of the pollutant, however, affects the design of these programs. NOx, an ozone precursor, is a nonuniformly mixed pollutant with a short atmospheric lifetime. NOx cap-and-trade programs in the U.S. are successful in reducing total NOx emissions but may result in suboptimal environmental performance because location-specific ozone formation potentials are neglected. In this paper, the current NOx cap-and-trade system is contrasted to a hypothetical NOx trading policy with sensitivity-based exchange rates. Location-specific exchange rates, calculated through adjoint sensitivity analysis, are combined with constrained optimization for prediction of NOx emissions trading behavior and post-trade ozone concentrations. The current and proposed policies are examined in a case study for 218 coal-fired power plants that participated in the NOx Budget Trading Program in 2007. We find that better environmental performance at negligibly higher system-wide abatement cost can be achieved through inclusion of emission exchange rates. Exposure-based exchange rates result in better environmental performance than those based on concentrations.