Intake Fraction for Particulate Matter: Recommendations for Life Cycle Impact Assessment

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Sebastien Humbert ; Julian D. Marshall ; Shanna Shaked ; Joseph V. Spadaro ; Yurika Nishioka ; Philipp Preiss ; Thomas E. McKone ; Arpad Horvath ; Olivier Jolliet
• 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
• 出版年：2011
• 出版时间：June 1, 2011
• 年：2011
• 卷：45
• 期：11
• 页码：4808-4816
• 全文大小：939K
• 年卷期：v.45,no.11(June 1, 2011)
• ISSN：1520-5851

文摘

Particulate matter (PM) is a significant contributor to death and disease globally. This paper summarizes the work of an international expert group on the integration of human exposure to PM into life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), within the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative. We review literature-derived intake fraction values (the fraction of emissions that are inhaled), based on emission release height and 鈥渁rchetypal鈥?environment (indoor versus outdoor; urban, rural, or remote locations). Recommended intake fraction values are provided for primary PM_10鈥?.5 (coarse particles), primary PM_2.5 (fine particles), and secondary PM_2.5 from SO₂, NO_x, and NH₃. Intake fraction values vary by orders of magnitude among conditions considered. For outdoor primary PM_2.5, representative intake fraction values (units: milligrams inhaled per kilogram emitted) for urban, rural, and remote areas, respectively, are 44, 3.8, and 0.1 for ground-level emissions, versus 26, 2.6, and 0.1 for an emission-weighted stack height. For outdoor secondary PM, source location and source characteristics typically have only a minor influence on the magnitude of the intake fraction (exception: intake fraction values can be an order of magnitude lower for remote-location emission than for other locations). Outdoor secondary PM_2.5 intake fractions averaged over respective locations and stack heights are 0.89 (from SO₂), 0.18 (NO_x), and 1.7 (NH₃). Estimated average intake fractions are greater for primary PM_10鈥?.5 than for primary PM_2.5 (21 versus 15), owing in part to differences in average emission height (lower, and therefore closer to people, for PM_10鈥?.5 than PM_2.5). For indoor emissions, typical intake fraction values are 1000鈥?000. This paper aims to provide as complete and consistent an archetype framework as possible, given current understanding of each pollutant. Values presented here facilitate incorporating regional impacts into LCIA for human health damage from PM.