Organochlorines in Antarctic and Arctic Avian Top Predators: A Comparison between the South Polar Skua and Two Species of Northern Hemisphere Gulls
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- 作者：Jan O. Bustnes ; Torkild Tveraa ; John A. Henden ; Ø ; ystein Varpe ; Kirstin Janssen ; and Janneche U. Skaare
- 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
- 出版年：2006
- 出版时间：April 15, 2006
- 年：2006
- 卷：40
- 期：8
- 页码：2826 - 2831
- 全文大小：129K
- 年卷期：v.40,no.8(April 15, 2006)
- ISSN：1520-5851
文摘
Different organochlorine compounds (OCs) were measuredin the blood of breeding south polar skuas (Catharactamaccormicki) at Svarthamaren, Dronning Maud Land(Antarctica) and compared to those in two species ofnorthern hemisphere gulls: the Arctic glaucous gull(Larus hyperboreus) and the subarctic great black-backedgull (Larus marinus). The skuas had 8% and 29% ofthe 
OC levels (45 ng/g, wet weight) of glaucous gulls(591 ng/g) and great black-backed gulls (158 ng/g),respectively. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) were verylow in skuas compared to northern gulls, but the meanhexachlorobenzene (HCB) level was 1.7 times higher thanin great black-backed gulls and one-third of the glaucousgull level. Mirex levels in skuas were among the highestreported in birds, the mean level being 3 and 26 times higherthan those in glaucous gull and great black-backedgulls, respectively. In skuas, the mean levels of HCB,oxychlordane, p,p'-DDE, and PCBs increased by about30% during a 2-week period, and mirex increased bynearly 60%. In glacuous gulls, HCB, p,p'-DDE, and PCBsincreased by 10-20%. For HCB, mirex, and oxychlordane,only a relatively small proportion of the increase inskuas could be explained by changes in lipid poolsand the levels at first sampling, compared to glaucousgulls. Thus, skuas were probably accumulating thesecompounds when present in Antarctica. p,p'-DDE andPCB levels, in contrast, seemed much more stable inthe skuas. Relatively high levels of mirex and HCB insouth polar skuas are concerning with regard to potentialadverse effects.
OC levels (45 ng/g, wet weight) of glaucous gulls(591 ng/g) and great black-backed gulls (158 ng/g),respectively. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) were verylow in skuas compared to northern gulls, but the meanhexachlorobenzene (HCB) level was 1.7 times higher thanin great black-backed gulls and one-third of the glaucousgull level. Mirex levels in skuas were among the highestreported in birds, the mean level being 3 and 26 times higherthan those in glaucous gull and great black-backedgulls, respectively. In skuas, the mean levels of HCB,oxychlordane, p,p'-DDE, and PCBs increased by about30% during a 2-week period, and mirex increased bynearly 60%. In glacuous gulls, HCB, p,p'-DDE, and PCBsincreased by 10-20%. For HCB, mirex, and oxychlordane,only a relatively small proportion of the increase inskuas could be explained by changes in lipid poolsand the levels at first sampling, compared to glaucousgulls. Thus, skuas were probably accumulating thesecompounds when present in Antarctica. p,p'-DDE andPCB levels, in contrast, seemed much more stable inthe skuas. Relatively high levels of mirex and HCB insouth polar skuas are concerning with regard to potentialadverse effects.