Modeling Ozone and Aerosol Formation and Transport in the Pacific Northwest with the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System
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- 作者：Susan M. O'Neill ; Brian K. Lamb ; Jack Chen ; Candis Claiborn ; Dennis Finn ; Sally Otterson ; Cristiana Figueroa ; Clint Bowman ; Mike Boyer ; Rob Wilson ; Jeff Arnold ; Steven Aalbers ; Jeffrey Stocum ; Christo
- 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
- 出版年：2006
- 出版时间：February 15, 2006
- 年：2006
- 卷：40
- 期：4
- 页码：1286 - 1299
- 全文大小：1021K
- 年卷期：v.40,no.4(February 15, 2006)
- ISSN：1520-5851
文摘
The Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modelingsystem was used to investigate ozone and aerosolconcentrations in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) during hotsummertime conditions during July 1-15, 1996. Twoemission inventories (EI) were developed: emissions forthe first EI were based upon the National Emission Trend1996 (NET96) database and the BEIS2 biogenic emissionmodel, and emissions for the second EI were developedthrough a "bottom up" approach that included biogenicemissions obtained from the GLOBEIS model. The twosimulations showed that elevated PM2.5 concentrationsoccurred near and downwind of the Interstate-5 corridoralong the foothills of the Cascade Mountains and in forestedareas of central Idaho. The relative contributions oforganic and inorganic aerosols varied by region, butgenerally organic aerosols constituted the largest fractionof PM2.5. In wilderness areas near the I-5 corridor,organic carbon from anthropogenic sources contributedapproximately 50% of the total organic carbon withthe remainder from biogenic precursors, while in wildernessareas in Idaho, biogenic organic carbon accounted for80% of the total organic aerosol. Regional analysis of thesecondary organic aerosol formation in the ColumbiaRiver Gorge, Central Idaho, and the Olympics/Puget Soundshowed that the production rate of secondary organiccarbon depends on local terpene concentrations and thelocal oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere, which was stronglyinfluenced by anthropogenic emissions. Comparison withobservations from 12 IMPROVE sites and 21 ozone monitoringsites showed that results from the two EI simulationsgenerally bracketed the average observed PM parametersand that errors calculated for the model results werewithin acceptable bounds. Analysis across all statisticalparameters indicated that the NW-AIRQUEST EI solutionperformed better at predicting PM2.5, PM1, and 
ext eventhough organic carbon PM was over-predicted, and theNET96 EI solution performed better with regard to the inorganicaerosols. For the NW-AIRQUEST EI solution, the normalizedbias was 30% and the normalized absolute error was49% for PM2.5 mass. The NW-AIRQUEST solution slightlyoverestimated peak hourly ozone downwind of urban areas,while the NET96 solution slightly underestimated peakvalues, and both solutions over-predicted averageO3 concentrations across the domain by approximately 6ppb.
ext eventhough organic carbon PM was over-predicted, and theNET96 EI solution performed better with regard to the inorganicaerosols. For the NW-AIRQUEST EI solution, the normalizedbias was 30% and the normalized absolute error was49% for PM2.5 mass. The NW-AIRQUEST solution slightlyoverestimated peak hourly ozone downwind of urban areas,while the NET96 solution slightly underestimated peakvalues, and both solutions over-predicted averageO3 concentrations across the domain by approximately 6ppb.