Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Human Milk from the United States
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- 作者：Jessica L. Reiner ; Chung M. Wong ; Kathleen F. Arcaro ; Kurunthachalam Kannan
- 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
- 出版年：2007
- 出版时间：June 1, 2007
- 年：2007
- 卷：41
- 期：11
- 页码：3815 - 3820
- 全文大小：152K
- 年卷期：v.41,no.11(June 1, 2007)
- ISSN：1520-5851
文摘
Synthetic musk compounds are used as additives in manyconsumer products, including perfumes, deodorants, anddetergents. Earlier studies have reported the occurrence ofsynthetic musks in environmental and wildlife samplescollected in the United States. In this study, human breastmilk samples collected from Massachusetts, wereanalyzed for the determination of concentrations ofsynthetic musks such as musk xylene (1-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene), musk ketone (4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dinitroacetophenone), HHCB (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[
]-2-benzopyran), AHTN (7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene), and HHCB-lactone, the oxidationproduct of HHCB. In addition, we estimated the daily intakeof synthetic musks by infants based on the ingestionrate of breast milk. Synthetic musks were found in mostof the samples analyzed, and the concentrations ranged from<2 to 150 ng musk xylene/g, <2 to 238 ng musk ketone/g, <5 to 917 ng HHCB/g, <5 to 144 ng AHTN/g, and <10 to88.0 ng HHCB-lactone/g, on a lipid weight basis. Theconcentrations of HHCB were higher than the concentrationsof other synthetic musks in breast milk samples. Themean concentration of HHCB (220 ng/g, lipid weight) was5 times greater than the concentrations reported 10years ago for breast milk samples collected in Germanyand Denmark. Maternal age was not correlated with theconcentrations of musk xylene, musk ketone, HHCB, or AHTN.There was a trend of decreasing concentrations of muskxylene, musk ketone, HHCB, and AHTN, with the number ofchildren previously breast-fed, although the correlationwas not significant. Based on average daily ingestion rateof breast milk, an infant is estimated to ingest 297 ± 229ng musk xylene, 780 ± 805 ng musk ketone, 1830 ± 1170 ngHHCB, 565 ± 614 ng AHTN, and 649 ± 598 ng HHCB-lactone per day. The ingestion rate of synthetic musks byinfants in the United States is lower than that estimatedfor persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Based on the residue patternsand accumulation features, it can be concluded that theexposure characteristics for synthetic musks are differentfrom those of POPs, and that the major source of exposureto synthetic musks is probably via dermal absorption orinhalation.
]-2-benzopyran), AHTN (7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene), and HHCB-lactone, the oxidationproduct of HHCB. In addition, we estimated the daily intakeof synthetic musks by infants based on the ingestionrate of breast milk. Synthetic musks were found in mostof the samples analyzed, and the concentrations ranged from<2 to 150 ng musk xylene/g, <2 to 238 ng musk ketone/g, <5 to 917 ng HHCB/g, <5 to 144 ng AHTN/g, and <10 to88.0 ng HHCB-lactone/g, on a lipid weight basis. Theconcentrations of HHCB were higher than the concentrationsof other synthetic musks in breast milk samples. Themean concentration of HHCB (220 ng/g, lipid weight) was5 times greater than the concentrations reported 10years ago for breast milk samples collected in Germanyand Denmark. Maternal age was not correlated with theconcentrations of musk xylene, musk ketone, HHCB, or AHTN.There was a trend of decreasing concentrations of muskxylene, musk ketone, HHCB, and AHTN, with the number ofchildren previously breast-fed, although the correlationwas not significant. Based on average daily ingestion rateof breast milk, an infant is estimated to ingest 297 ± 229ng musk xylene, 780 ± 805 ng musk ketone, 1830 ± 1170 ngHHCB, 565 ± 614 ng AHTN, and 649 ± 598 ng HHCB-lactone per day. The ingestion rate of synthetic musks byinfants in the United States is lower than that estimatedfor persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Based on the residue patternsand accumulation features, it can be concluded that theexposure characteristics for synthetic musks are differentfrom those of POPs, and that the major source of exposureto synthetic musks is probably via dermal absorption orinhalation.