The capabilities of silver catalysts with different particle sizes for oxygen activation were systematically studied by 17O solid-state NMR. The observation of 17O signal at around 0 ppm for silver catalysts indicates that silver activates 17O2 molecules and that subsequent formation of active 17O species leads to the oxygen exchange with the mesoporous SiO2 supports. The initial appearances of the 17O signals at different temperatures for three silver catalysts show that oxygen activation strongly depends on the size of Ag particle. Their ability of activating oxygen molecules is in the order Ag-3/MCM-41 > Ag-5/SBA-15 > Ag-10/SBA-15. Ag-3/MCM-41 is able to activate oxygen molecules and facilitates the oxygen exchange with the support even at room temperature. Although the NMR signal of active 17O species on silver catalysts is not observed directly, the approach described in this work can be used to indirectly determine the conditions on which the active oxygen species can be produced during catalytic oxidation reactions. The silver catalysts can also be used for 17O enrichment of the oxide-based materials under mild conditions.