文摘
We studied the microbial community structure of pilot two-stage membrane biofilm reactors (MBfRs) designed to reduce nitrate (NO3鈥?/sup>) and perchlorate (ClO4鈥?/sup>) in contaminated groundwater. The groundwater also contained oxygen (O2) and sulfate (SO42鈥?/sup>), which became important electron sinks that affected the NO3鈥?/sup> and ClO4鈥?/sup> removal rates. Using pyrosequencing, we elucidated how important phylotypes of each 鈥減rimary鈥?microbial group, i.e., denitrifying bacteria (DB), perchlorate-reducing bacteria (PRB), and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), responded to changes in electron-acceptor loading. UniFrac, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), and diversity analyses documented that the microbial community of biofilms sampled when the MBfRs had a high acceptor loading were phylogenetically distant from and less diverse than the microbial community of biofilm samples with lower acceptor loadings. Diminished acceptor loading led to SO42鈥?/sup> reduction in the lag MBfR, which allowed Desulfovibrionales (an SRB) and Thiothrichales (sulfur-oxidizers) to thrive through S cycling. As a result of this cooperative relationship, they competed effectively with DB/PRB phylotypes such as Xanthomonadales and Rhodobacterales. Thus, pyrosequencing illustrated that while DB, PRB, and SRB responded predictably to changes in acceptor loading, a decrease in total acceptor loading led to important shifts within the 鈥減rimary鈥?groups, the onset of other members (e.g., Thiothrichales), and overall greater diversity.