Loading of MOF-5 with Cu and ZnO Nanoparticles by Gas-Phase Infiltration with Organometallic Precursors: Properties of Cu/ZnO@MOF-5 as Catalyst for Methanol Synthesis

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• 作者：Maike Mü ; ller ; Stephan Hermes ; Kevin Kä ; hler ; Maurits W. E. van den Berg ; Martin Muhler ; Roland A. Fischer
• 刊名：Chemistry of Materials
• 出版年：2008
• 出版时间：July 22, 2008
• 年：2008
• 卷：20
• 期：14
• 页码：4576 - 4587
• 全文大小：1297K
• 年卷期：v.20,no.14(July 22, 2008)
• ISSN：1520-5002

文摘

The loading of [Zn₄O(bdc)₃] (MOF-5; bdc = 1,4-benzenedicarbocylate) with nanocrystalline Cu and ZnO species was achieved in a two-step process. First, the solvent-free gas-phase adsorption of the volatile precursors [CpCuL] (L = PMe₃, CN^tBu) and ZnEt₂ leads to the isolable inclusion compounds precursor@MOF-5. These intermediates were then converted into Cu@MOF-5 and ZnO@MOF-5 by hydrogenolysis or photoassisted thermolysis at 200−220 °C in the case of Cu and hydrolysis or dry oxidation at 25 °C followed by annealing 250 °C in the case of ZnO. ¹⁷O labeling studies using H₂¹⁷O (30%) revealed that neither the bdc linkers nor the central oxide ion of the Zn₄O unit exchange oxygen atoms/ions with the imbedded ZnO species. The obtained material Cu@MOF-5 (11 wt % Cu), exhibiting an equivalent Langmuir surface of 1100 m²·g⁻¹, was further characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Cu nanoparticles are homogeneously distributed over the MOF-5 microcrystals, occupying only about 1% of the cavities. Their size distribution appears to be polydisperse with a majority around 1 nm in size (by EXAFS) together with a minority of larger particles up to 3 nm (PXRD). Cu@MOF-5 was reversibly surface oxidized/reduced by N₂O/H₂ treatment, resulting in a (Cu₂O/Cu)@MOF-5 material as revealed by PXRD and XAS. Depending on the preparation conditions of the ZnO@MOF-5 materials a variation of the ZnO loading from 10 to 35 wt % was achieved. PXRD, TEM, UV−vis, and ¹⁷O-MAS NMR spectroscopy gave evidence for a largely intact MOF-5 matrix with imbedded ZnO nanoparticles <4 nm being in the quantum size regime. Doubly-loaded (Cu/ZnO)@MOF-5 samples were prepared by gas-phase loading of ZnO@MOF-5 with [CpCuL] followed by thermally activated hydrogenolysis. The initial catalytic productivity in methanol synthesis from a CO/CO₂/H₂ gas mixture at 1 atm and 220 °C peaked at about 60% of an industrial reference catalyst. This result is particular surprising because of the comparably low Cu loading (1.4 wt %) and small Cu specific surface area <1 m²·g⁻¹, thus suggesting a superior interfacial contact between the Cu and ZnO nanophases. However, the materials (Cu/ZnO)@MOF-5 were unstable under catalytic conditions over several hoours, the metal organic framework collapsed, and the final catalytic activities were poor.