We provide the first direct evidence that highly purified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) exhibit strongantimicrobial activity. By using a pristine SWNT with a narrow diameter distribution, we demonstrate that cellmembrane damage resulting from direct contact with SWNT aggregates is the likely mechanism leading to bacterialcell death. This finding may be useful in the application of SWNTs as building blocks for antimicrobial materials.