Ammonia Emission Controls as a Cost-Effective Strategy for Reducing Atmospheric Particulate Matter in the Eastern United States
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- 作者：Robert W. Pinder ; Peter J. Adams ; Spyros N. Pandis
- 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
- 出版年：2007
- 出版时间：January 15, 2007
- 年：2007
- 卷：41
- 期：2
- 页码：380 - 386
- 全文大小：380K
- 年卷期：v.41,no.2(January 15, 2007)
- ISSN：1520-5851
文摘
Current regulation aimed at reducing inorganic atmosphericfine particulate matter (PM2.5) is focused on reductionsin sulfur dioxide (SO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx 
ges/entities/equiv.gif"> NO+ NO2); however, controls on these pollutants are likely toincrease in cost and decrease in effectiveness in thefuture. A supplementary strategy is reduction in ammonia(NH3) emissions, yet an evaluation of controls on ammoniahas been limited by uncertainties in emission levels and inthe cost of control technologies. We use state of thescience emission inventories, an emission-based regionalair quality model, and an explicit treatment of uncertaintyto estimate the cost-effectiveness and uncertainty of ammoniaemission reductions on inorganic particulate matter inthe Eastern United States. Since a paucity of dataon agricultural operations precludes a direct calculationof the costs of ammonia control, we calculate the "ammoniasavings potential", defined as the minimum cost ofapplying SO2 and NOx emission controls in order to achievethe same reduction in ambient inorganic PM2.5 concentrationas obtained from a 1 ton decrease in ammonia emissions.Using 250 scenarios of NH3, SO2, and NOx emission reductions,we calculate the least-cost SO2 and NOx control scenariosthat achieve the same reduction in ambient inorganicPM2.5 concentration as a decrease in ammonia emissions.We find that the lower-bound ammonia savings potentialin the winter is $8,000 per ton NH3; therefore, many currentlyavailable ammonia control technologies are cost-effective compared to current controls on SO2 and NOxsources. Larger reductions in winter inorganic particulatematter are available at lower cost through controls onammonia emissions.