Estrogen Content of Dairy and Swine Wastes
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- 作者：D. Raj Raman ; Elizabeth L. Williams ; Alice C. Layton ; Robert T. Burns ; James P. Easter ; Adam S. Daugherty ; Michael D. Mullen ; and Gary S. Sayler
- 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
- 出版年：2004
- 出版时间：July 1, 2004
- 年：2004
- 卷：38
- 期：13
- 页码：3567 - 3573
- 全文大小：128K
- 年卷期：v.38,no.13(July 1, 2004)
- ISSN：1520-5851
文摘
Naturally occurring estrogens in animal wastes maycause negative environmental impacts, yet their abundancein animal waste treatment and storage structures ispoorly documented. To better quantify estrogen concentrations in animal wastes, multiple waste samples werecollected from treatment and storage structures at dairyand swine facilities and analyzed for concentrations of 17
-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and 17
-estradiol by gaschromatography-mass spectroscopy and by enzyme linkedimmunosorbent assay (E2 only). Mass ratios of eachestrogen to the macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, andpotassium were also determined. Because manureapplication rates are typically macronutrient-based,estrogen to macronutrient ratios are proportional to arealmass application rates of estrogen to fields. Swinefarrowing waste (from farrowing sows and piglets) hadthe highest ratios of E2 to macronutrients. Mean ratios inswine farrowing waste were roughly twice those inswine finishing waste (from growing male and nonpregnantfemale animals) and more than four times higher thanthose in dairy waste (from lactating cows in various stagesof their reproductive cycles); these differences werestatistically significant ( = 0.05). Estrone followed a similartrend. In contrast, ratios of 17-estradiol to macronutrientswere highest in dairy operations. These results can beused to better predict estrogen loading rates on fields receivingswine and dairy wastes.
-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and 17-estradiol by gaschromatography-mass spectroscopy and by enzyme linkedimmunosorbent assay (E2 only). Mass ratios of eachestrogen to the macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, andpotassium were also determined. Because manureapplication rates are typically macronutrient-based,estrogen to macronutrient ratios are proportional to arealmass application rates of estrogen to fields. Swinefarrowing waste (from farrowing sows and piglets) hadthe highest ratios of E2 to macronutrients. Mean ratios inswine farrowing waste were roughly twice those inswine finishing waste (from growing male and nonpregnantfemale animals) and more than four times higher thanthose in dairy waste (from lactating cows in various stagesof their reproductive cycles); these differences werestatistically significant ( = 0.05). Estrone followed a similartrend. In contrast, ratios of 17-estradiol to macronutrientswere highest in dairy operations. These results can beused to better predict estrogen loading rates on fields receivingswine and dairy wastes.