In Situ Analysis of Three-Dimensional Electrolyte Convection Evolving during the Electrodeposition of Copper in Magnetic Gradient Fields

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• 作者：Kristina Tschulik ; Christian Cierpka ; Annett Gebert ; Ludwig Schultz ; Christian J. Ka虉hler ; Margitta Uhlemann
• 刊名：Analytical Chemistry
• 出版年：2011
• 出版时间：May 1, 2011
• 年：2011
• 卷：83
• 期：9
• 页码：3275-3281
• 全文大小：861K
• 年卷期：v.83,no.9(May 1, 2011)
• ISSN：1520-6882

文摘

A novel three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry technique was used to examine the flow during electrodeposition of Cu. For the first time electrode-normal, circumferential, and radial velocities were spatially resolved during deposition in superimposed low and high magnetic gradient fields. In this way the complex interaction of magnetic field gradient force and Lorentz force induced convective effects could be measured and analyzed. Magnetic field gradient force induced electrolyte flow was detected only in high gradient magnetic fields, and it was found to be directed toward regions of gradient maxima. Since this electrode-normal flow causes enhanced transport of Cu²⁺ ions from the bulk electrolyte to those regions of the working electrode where maxima of magnetic gradients are present, a structured deposit is formed during diffusion-limited electrodeposition. Lorentz force driven convection was observed during deposition in the low and the high magnetic gradient experiments. The overall fluid motion and the convection near the working electrode were determined experimentally and discussed with regard to the acting magnetic forces and numerical simulations.