PBDEs in European Background Soils: Levels and Factors Controlling Their Distribution
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- 作者：Ashraf Hassanin ; Knut Breivik ; Sandra N. Meijer ; Eiliv Steinnes ; Gareth O. Thomas ; and Kevin C. Jones
- 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
- 出版年：2004
- 出版时间：February 1, 2004
- 年：2004
- 卷：38
- 期：3
- 页码：738 - 745
- 全文大小：227K
- 年卷期：v.38,no.3(February 1, 2004)
- ISSN：1520-5851
文摘
Surface soils (0-5 cm) from remote/rural woodland(coniferous and deciduous) and grassland locations on alatitudinal transect through the United Kingdom and Norwaywere analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs). Concentrations ranged between 65 and 12 000
ALLPBDE ng kg-1 dry weight. PBDE-47, -99, -100, -153, and-154-the major constituents of the penta-BDE technicalproduct-dominated the average congener pattern of thesoils. Indeed, the average congener composition anddistribution measured in these European background soilsclosely matched that reported in the technical penta-BDE product. This is interpreted as evidence that transferof the congeners present in penta-BDE-treated productsfrom source-air-soil occurs with broadly similar efficiency,perhaps because there has been little weathering/degradation/alteration of the congener source pattern byprocesses operating during atmospheric transport or withinthe soil itself. BDE-183, a marker for the octa-BDE mix,was detected at concentrations ranging from <9 to 7000(median ~50 ng kg-1). In most soils, it made a minorcontribution to the ALLPBDE concentration, but it was amajor component in some samples from northern England.Forest soils tended to have higher concentrations thangrasslands. Underlying the average soil composition, somedifferences in the congener pattern were observed.Notably, there was evidence of latitudinal fractionation,with the relative contribution of PBDE-47 and lighter congenersto the PBDE increasing northwards (with increasingdistance from source areas), while the proportion of PBDE-99 and heavier congeners decreased. Plots of concentrationagainst percentage soil organic matter had differentslopes for different congeners. Higher slopes were generallyseen for the lighter PBDEs (e.g., PBDE-47), indicatingthat they have undergone some air-surface exchange(hopping), while the slopes of heavier congeners (e.g.,PBDE-153) were close to zero, indicating that they areretained more effectively by soils after deposition.
ALLPBDE ng kg-1 dry weight. PBDE-47, -99, -100, -153, and-154-the major constituents of the penta-BDE technicalproduct-dominated the average congener pattern of thesoils. Indeed, the average congener composition anddistribution measured in these European background soilsclosely matched that reported in the technical penta-BDE product. This is interpreted as evidence that transferof the congeners present in penta-BDE-treated productsfrom source-air-soil occurs with broadly similar efficiency,perhaps because there has been little weathering/degradation/alteration of the congener source pattern byprocesses operating during atmospheric transport or withinthe soil itself. BDE-183, a marker for the octa-BDE mix,was detected at concentrations ranging from <9 to 7000(median ~50 ng kg-1). In most soils, it made a minorcontribution to the ALLPBDE concentration, but it was amajor component in some samples from northern England.Forest soils tended to have higher concentrations thangrasslands. Underlying the average soil composition, somedifferences in the congener pattern were observed.Notably, there was evidence of latitudinal fractionation,with the relative contribution of PBDE-47 and lighter congenersto the PBDE increasing northwards (with increasingdistance from source areas), while the proportion of PBDE-99 and heavier congeners decreased. Plots of concentrationagainst percentage soil organic matter had differentslopes for different congeners. Higher slopes were generallyseen for the lighter PBDEs (e.g., PBDE-47), indicatingthat they have undergone some air-surface exchange(hopping), while the slopes of heavier congeners (e.g.,PBDE-153) were close to zero, indicating that they areretained more effectively by soils after deposition.