Aquatic Toxicity of Nine Aircraft Deicer and Anti-Icer Formulations and Relative Toxicity of Additive Package Ingredients Alkylphenol Ethoxylates and 4,5-Methyl-1H-benzotriazoles
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- 作者：Steven R. Corsi ; Steven W. Geis ; Jorge E. Loyo-Rosales ; Clifford P. Rice
- 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
- 出版年：2006
- 出版时间：December 1, 2006
- 年：2006
- 卷：40
- 期：23
- 页码：7409 - 7415
- 全文大小：100K
- 年卷期：v.40,no.23(December 1, 2006)
- ISSN：1520-5851
文摘
Characterization of the effects of aircraft deicer andanti-icer fluid (ADAF) runoff on aquatic organisms inreceiving streams is a complex issue because the identitiesof numerous toxic additives are proprietary and notpublicly available. Most potentially toxic and endocrinedisrupting effects caused by ADAF are due to the numerousadditive package ingredients which vary among manufacturers and types of ADAF formulation. Toxicity investigationsof nine ADAF formulations indicate that endpoint concentrations for formulations of different manufacturers arewidely variable. Type IV ADAF (anti-icers) are more toxicthan Type I (deicers) for the four organisms tested (Vibriofischeri, Pimephales promelas, Ceriodaphnia dubia, andSelenastrum capricornutum). Acute toxicity endpointconcentrations ranged from 347 to 7700 mg/L as ADAF forType IV and from 1550 to 45 100 mg/L for Type I formulations. Chronic endpoint concentrations ranged from 70to 1300 mg/L for Type IV and from 37 to 18 400 mg/L for TypeI formulations. Alkylphenol ethoxylates and tolyltriazolesare two known classes of additives. Nonylphenol, nonylphenolethoxylates, octylphenol, octylphenol ethoxylates, and 4,5-methyl-1H-benzotriazoles were quantified in the nineADAF formulations, and toxicity tests were conductedwith nonylphenol ethoxylates and 4,5-methyl-1H-benzotriazoles. Toxicity units computed for glycol and theseadditives, with respect to toxicity of the ADAF formulations,indicate that a portion of ADAF toxicity can be explainedby the known additives and glycols, but much of the toxicityis due to unidentified additives.