Real-Time Assessment of Black Carbon Pollution in Indian Households Due to Traditional and Improved Biomass Cookstoves

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• 作者：Abhishek Kar ; Ibrahim H. Rehman ; Jennifer Burney ; S. Praveen Puppala ; Ramasubramanyaiyer Suresh ; Lokendra Singh ; Vivek K. Singh ; Tanveer Ahmed ; Nithya Ramanathan ; Veerabhadran Ramanathan
• 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology (ES&T)
• 出版年：2012
• 出版时间：March 6, 2012
• 年：2012
• 卷：46
• 期：5
• 页码：2993-3000
• 全文大小：386K
• 年卷期：v.46,no.5(March 6, 2012)
• ISSN：1520-5851

文摘

Use of improved (biomass) cookstoves (ICs) has been widely proposed as a Black Carbon (BC) mitigation measure with significant climate and health benefits. ICs encompass a range of technologies, including natural draft (ND) stoves, which feature structural modifications to enhance air flow, and forced draft (FD) stoves, which additionally employ an external fan to force air into the combustion chamber. We present here, under Project Surya, the first real-time in situ Black Carbon (BC) concentration measurements from five commercial ICs and a traditional (mud) cookstove for comparison. These experiments reveal four significant findings about the tested stoves. First, FD stoves emerge as the superior IC technology, reducing plume zone BC concentration by a factor of 4 (compared to 1.5 for ND). Indoor cooking-time BC concentrations, which varied from 50 to 1000 渭g m^鈥? for the traditional mud cookstove, were reduced to 5鈥?00 渭g m^鈥? by the top-performing FD stove. Second, BC reductions from IC models in the same technology category vary significantly: for example, some ND models occasionally emit more BC than a traditional cookstove. Within the ND class, only microgasification stoves were effective in reducing BC. Third, BC concentration varies significantly for repeated cooking cycles with same stove (standard deviation up to 50% of mean concentration) even in a standardized setup, highlighting inherent uncertainties in cookstove performance. Fourth, use of mixed fuel (reflective of local practices) increases plume zone BC concentration (compared to hardwood) by a factor of 2 to 3 across ICs.