Atmospheric Distribution and Long-Range Transport Behavior of Organochlorine Pesticides in North America
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- 作者：Li Shen ; Frank Wania ; Ying D. Lei ; Camilla Teixeira ; Derek C. G. Muir ; and Terry F. Bidleman
- 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
- 出版年：2005
- 出版时间：January 15, 2005
- 年：2005
- 卷：39
- 期：2
- 页码：409 - 420
- 全文大小：484K
- 年卷期：v.39,no.2(January 15, 2005)
- ISSN：1520-5851
文摘
Annually averaged concentrations and enantiomericcompositions of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in airwere determined in 2000/2001 at 40 stations across NorthAmerica using XAD-based passive samplers. Absoluteconcentration differences across the continent, the skewnessand kurtosis of the concentration distribution, the relativeabundance of parent compound and metabolites, andthe chiral signatures can identify regional sources of OCPto the atmosphere. Specifically, air samples collected inthe southeastern United States had elevated concentrationsof chlordane-related compounds, higher ratios of trans-to cis-chlordane and heptachlor to heptachlor epoxide, aswell as higher enantiomeric fractions of trans-chlordaneas compared to other regions, suggesting continued releaseof microbially unprocessed chlordane to the regionalatmosphere. Similarly, greatly elevated concentrations of p,p'-DDT, low relative abundance of the metabolite DDE, anda racemic composition of o,p'-DDT in samples from southernMexico and Belize indicate recent use of DDT in theseregions. Belize is also a potential source region for dieldrin.Reflecting its continued use in North America, endosulfanis now one of the most abundant and ubiquitous OCPsin the continental atmosphere. In contrast to these OCPs,air concentrations of penta- and hexachlorobenzenevary only by factors of 2-4 across the continent, reflectinga long atmospheric residence time and few primarysources. Atmospheric levels of the chlorobenzenes,
fchars/alpha.gif" BORDER=0>-endosulfan, and p,p'-DDE increase with elevation in theCanadian Rocky Mountains. Empirical travel distancesfor the OCPs derived from latitudinal concentration profilesare in good agreement with model-derived indicators of long-range transport potential and, in particular, lead to asimilar categorization of the OCPs. Large-scale passiveair sampling networks are suitable for monitoringcompliance with, and effectiveness of, regulatory controlmeasures and for establishing experimentally the atmosphericlong-range transport behavior of organic air pollutants.
fchars/alpha.gif" BORDER=0>-endosulfan, and p,p'-DDE increase with elevation in theCanadian Rocky Mountains. Empirical travel distancesfor the OCPs derived from latitudinal concentration profilesare in good agreement with model-derived indicators of long-range transport potential and, in particular, lead to asimilar categorization of the OCPs. Large-scale passiveair sampling networks are suitable for monitoringcompliance with, and effectiveness of, regulatory controlmeasures and for establishing experimentally the atmosphericlong-range transport behavior of organic air pollutants.