Flame Retardants and Methoxylated and Hydroxylated Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Two Norwegian Arctic Top Predators: Glaucous Gulls and Polar Bears
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- 作者：Jonathan Verreault ; Geir W. Gabrielsen ; Shaogang Chu ; Derek C. G. Muir ; Magnus Andersen ; Ahmad Hamaed ; and Robert J. Letcher
- 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
- 出版年：2005
- 出版时间：August 15, 2005
- 年：2005
- 卷：39
- 期：16
- 页码：6021 - 6028
- 全文大小：243K
- 年卷期：v.39,no.16(August 15, 2005)
- ISSN：1520-5851
文摘
The brominated flame retardants have been subject of aparticular environmental focus in the Arctic. The presentstudy investigated the congener patterns and levels of totalhexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), polybrominatedbiphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), aswell as methoxylated (MeO) and hydroxylated (OH) PBDEsin plasma samples of glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus)and polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from the Norwegian Arctic.The analyses revealed the presence of total HBCD (0.07-1.24 ng/g wet wt) and brominated biphenyl 101 (<0.13-0.72 ng/g wet wt) in glaucous gull samples whereas thesecompounds were generally found at nondetectable ortransient concentrations in polar bears. Sum (
) concentrations of the 12 PBDEs monitored in glaucous gulls(range: 8.23-67.5 ng/g wet wt) surpassed largely thoseof polar bears (range: 2.65-9.72 ng/g wet wt). Two higherbrominated PBDEs, BDE183 and BDE209, were detected,and thus bioaccumulated to a limited degree, in glaucousgulls with concentrations ranging from <0.03 to 0.43ng/g wet wt and from <0.05 to 0.33 ng/g wet wt, respectively.In polar bear plasma, BDE183 was <0.04 ng/g wet wtfor all animals, and BDE209 was only detected in 7% ofthe samples at concentrations up to 0.10 ng/g wet wt. Ofthe 15 MeO-PBDEs analyzed in plasma samples, 3-MeO-BDE47 was consistently dominant in glaucous gulls (MeO-PBDE: 0.30-4.30 ng/g wet wt) and polar bears (MeO-PBDEup to 0.17 ng/g wet wt), followed by 4'-MeO-BDE49 and6-MeO-BDE47. The 3-OH-BDE47, 4'-OH-BDE49, and 6-OH-BDE47 congeners were also detected in glaucous gulls(OH-PBDE up to 1.05 ng/g wet wt), although in polarbears 4'-OH-BDE49 was the only congener quantifiable in13% of the samples. The presence of MeO- and OH-PBDEs in plasma of both species suggests possible dietaryuptake from naturally occurring sources (e.g., marinesponges and green algae), but also metabolically derivedbiotransformation of PBDEs such as BDE47 could be acontributing factor. Our findings suggest that there aredissimilar biochemical mechanisms involved in PCB andPBDE metabolism and accumulation/elimination and/or OH-PBDE accumulation and retention in glaucous gulls andpolar bears.
) concentrations of the 12 PBDEs monitored in glaucous gulls(range: 8.23-67.5 ng/g wet wt) surpassed largely thoseof polar bears (range: 2.65-9.72 ng/g wet wt). Two higherbrominated PBDEs, BDE183 and BDE209, were detected,and thus bioaccumulated to a limited degree, in glaucousgulls with concentrations ranging from <0.03 to 0.43ng/g wet wt and from <0.05 to 0.33 ng/g wet wt, respectively.In polar bear plasma, BDE183 was <0.04 ng/g wet wtfor all animals, and BDE209 was only detected in 7% ofthe samples at concentrations up to 0.10 ng/g wet wt. Ofthe 15 MeO-PBDEs analyzed in plasma samples, 3-MeO-BDE47 was consistently dominant in glaucous gulls (MeO-PBDE: 0.30-4.30 ng/g wet wt) and polar bears (MeO-PBDEup to 0.17 ng/g wet wt), followed by 4'-MeO-BDE49 and6-MeO-BDE47. The 3-OH-BDE47, 4'-OH-BDE49, and 6-OH-BDE47 congeners were also detected in glaucous gulls(OH-PBDE up to 1.05 ng/g wet wt), although in polarbears 4'-OH-BDE49 was the only congener quantifiable in13% of the samples. The presence of MeO- and OH-PBDEs in plasma of both species suggests possible dietaryuptake from naturally occurring sources (e.g., marinesponges and green algae), but also metabolically derivedbiotransformation of PBDEs such as BDE47 could be acontributing factor. Our findings suggest that there aredissimilar biochemical mechanisms involved in PCB andPBDE metabolism and accumulation/elimination and/or OH-PBDE accumulation and retention in glaucous gulls andpolar bears.