The
spiroketal (
E)-conophthorin ha
s recently been reported a
s a
semiochemical of the navel orangeworm moth, a major in
sect pe
st of California pi
stachio
s and almond
s. Conophthorin and the i
someric
spiroketal chalcogran are mo
st commonly known a
s semiochemical
s of
several
scolytid beetle
s. Conophthorin i
s both an in
sect- and plant-produced
semiochemical widely recognized a
s a nonho
st plant volatile from the bark of
several angio
sperm
specie
s. Chalcogran i
s the principal aggregation pheromone component of the
six-
spined
spruce bark beetle. Recent re
search ha
s shown conophthorin i
s produced by almond
s undergoing hull-
split, and both
spiroketal
s are produced by mechanically damaged almond
s. To better under
stand the origin of the
se
spiroketal
s, the volatile emi
ssion
s of orchard fungal
spore
s on fatty acid
s common to both pi
stachio
s and almond
s were evaluated. The volatile emi
ssion for the fir
st 13 day
s of
spore
s placed on a fatty acid wa
s monitored. The
spore
s inve
stigated were
Aspergillus flavus (atoxigenic),
A. flavus (toxigenic),
Aspergillus niger,
Aspergillus parasiticus,
Penicillium glabrum, and
Rhizopus stolonifer. The fatty acid
s u
sed a
s growth media were palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic. Spore
s on linoleic acid produced both
spiroketal
s, tho
se on linolenic acid produced only chalcogran, and tho
se on palmitic and oleic acid did not produce either
spiroketal. Thi
s i
s the fir
st report of the
spiroketal
s conophthorin and chalcogran from a fungal
source.
Keywords:
s" href="http://pubs.acs.org/action/doSearch?action=search&searchText=Aspergillus&qsSearchArea=searchText">Aspergillus; s" href="http://pubs.acs.org/action/doSearch?action=search&searchText=chalcogran&qsSearchArea=searchText">chalcogran; s" href="http://pubs.acs.org/action/doSearch?action=search&searchText=conophthorin&qsSearchArea=searchText">conophthorin; s" href="http://pubs.acs.org/action/doSearch?action=search&searchText=fatty+acid&qsSearchArea=searchText">fatty acid; s" href="http://pubs.acs.org/action/doSearch?action=search&searchText=germination&qsSearchArea=searchText">germination; s" href="http://pubs.acs.org/action/doSearch?action=search&searchText=Penicillium&qsSearchArea=searchText">Penicillium; s" href="http://pubs.acs.org/action/doSearch?action=search&searchText=Rhizopus&qsSearchArea=searchText">Rhizopus; s" href="http://pubs.acs.org/action/doSearch?action=search&searchText=spiroacetal&qsSearchArea=searchText">spiroacetal; s" href="http://pubs.acs.org/action/doSearch?action=search&searchText=spiroketal&qsSearchArea=searchText">spiroketal; s" href="http://pubs.acs.org/action/doSearch?action=search&searchText=spore&qsSearchArea=searchText">spore; s" href="http://pubs.acs.org/action/doSearch?action=search&searchText=volatile&qsSearchArea=searchText">volatile