In Situ and Real-Time Monitoring of Oxide Growth in a Few Monolayers at Surfaces of Platinum Nanoparticles in Aqueous Media

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• 作者：Hideto Imai ; Koichi Izumi ; Masashi Matsumoto ; Yoshimi Kubo ; Kazuo Kato ; Yasuhiko Imai
• 刊名：Journal of the American Chemical Society
• 出版年：2009
• 出版时间：May 6, 2009
• 年：2009
• 卷：131
• 期：17
• 页码：6293-6300
• 全文大小：423K
• 年卷期：v.131,no.17(May 6, 2009)
• ISSN：1520-5126

文摘

The electrochemical oxidation behaviors of the surfaces of platinum nanoparticles, one of the key phenomena in fuel cell developments, were investigated in situ and in real time, via time-resolved hard X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Combining two complementary structural analyses, dynamical and inhomogenous structural changes occurring at the surfaces of nanoparticles were monitored on an atomic level with a time resolution of less than 1 s. After oxidation at 1.4 V vs RHE (reversible hydrogen electrode) in a 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution, longer Pt−O bonds (2.2−2.3 Å that can be assigned to OHH and/or OH species) were first formed on the surface through the partial oxidation of water molecules. Next, these species turned to shorter Pt−O bonds (2.0 Å, adsorbed atomic oxygen), and atomic oxygen was incorporated into the inner part of the nanoparticles, forming an initial monolayer oxide that had α-PtO₂-like local structures with expanded Pt−Pt bonds (3.1 Å). Finally, quasi-three-dimensional oxides with longer Pt−(O)−Pt bonds (3.5 Å, precursor for β-PtO₂) grew on the surface, at almost 100 s after oxidation. Despite the very complex oxidation mechanism on the atomic level, XANES analysis indicated that the charge transfer from platinum to the adsorbed oxygen species was almost constant and rather small, that is, about 0.5 electrons per oxygen, up to two monolayers of oxygen. This means that ionic polarization hardly develops at this stage of the surface platinum’s “oxide” growth.