Chemical Characterization of Urate Hydroperoxide, A Pro-oxidant Intermediate Generated by Urate Oxidation in Inflammatory and Photoinduced Processes

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• 作者：Eliziane S. Patr铆cio ; Fernanda M. Prado ; Railmara P. da Silva ; Larissa A. C. Carvalho ; Marcus V. C. Prates ; Tony Dadamos ; Mauro Bertotti ; Paolo Di Mascio ; Anthony J. Kettle ; Flavia C. Meotti
• 刊名：Chemical Research in Toxicology
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：August 17, 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：28
• 期：8
• 页码：1556-1566
• 全文大小：518K
• ISSN：1520-5010

文摘

Urate hydroperoxide is a strong oxidant generated by the combination of urate free radical and superoxide. The formation of urate hydroperoxide as an intermediate in urate oxidation is potentially responsible for the pro-oxidant effects of urate in inflammatory disorders, protein degradation, and food decomposition. To understand the molecular mechanisms that sustain the harmful effects of urate in inflammatory and oxidative stress related conditions, we report a detailed structural characterization and reactivity of urate hydroperoxide toward biomolecules. Urate hydroperoxide was synthesized by photo-oxidation and by a myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/superoxide system. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and MS³ ion fragmentation revealed that urate hydroperoxide from both sources has the same chemical structure. Urate hydroperoxide has a maximum absorption at 308 nm, 蔚_308nm = 6.54 卤 0.38 脳 10³ M^鈥? cm^鈥?. This peroxide decays spontaneously with a rate constant of k = 2.80 卤 0.18 脳 10^鈥? s^鈥? and a half-life of 41 min at 22 掳C. Urate hydroperoxide undergoes electrochemical reduction at potential values less negative than 鈭?.5 V (versus Ag/AgCl). When incubated with taurine, histidine, tryptophan, lysine, methionine, cysteine, or glutathione, urate hydroperoxide reacted only with methionine, cysteine, and glutathione. The oxidation of these molecules occurred by a two-electron mechanism, generating the alcohol, hydroxyisourate. No adduct between cysteine or glutathione and urate hydroperoxide was detected. The second-order rate constant for the oxidation of glutathione by urate hydroperoxide was 13.7 卤 0.8 M^鈥? s^鈥?. In conclusion, the oxidation of sulfur-containing biomolecules by urate hydroperoxide is likely to be a mechanism by which the pro-oxidant and damaging effects of urate are mediated in inflammatory and photo-oxidizing processes.