Moral relativism is moral realism

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• 作者：Gilbert Harman (1)
  
  1. Department of Philosophy ; Princeton University ; 1879 Hall ; Princeton ; NJ ; 08544-1006 ; USA
  
• 关键词：Moral relativism ; Nicholas Sturgeon ; Moral theory ; Linguistics
• 刊名：Philosophical Studies
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：April 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：172
• 期：4
• 页码：855-863
• 全文大小：137 KB
• 参考文献：1. Brink, D (1989) Moral realism and the foundations of ethics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge CrossRef
  2. Chomsky, N Some simple evo-devo theses: How true might they be for language?. In: Larson, RK, Deprez, V, Yamakido, H eds. (2010) The evolution of human language: Biolinguistic perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 45-62 CrossRef
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  5. Fiske, AP (1992) The four elementary forms of sociality: Framework for a unified theory of social relations. Psychological Review 99: pp. 689-723 CrossRef
  6. Harman, G (1975) Moral relativism defended. Philosophical Review 84: pp. 3-22 CrossRef
  7. Harman, G (1977) The nature of morality: An introduction to ethics. Oxford University Press, Oxford
  8. Harman, G (1983) Human flourishing, ethics, and liberty. Philosophy and Public Affairs 12: pp. 307-322
  9. Harman, G. (1998鈥?999). Moral philosophy meets social psychology: Virtue ethics and the fundamental attribution error. / Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, / 99, 229鈥?48.
  10. Harris, JR (1998) The nurture assumption: Why children turn out the way they do. The Free Press, New York
  11. Lewis, D Languages and language. In: Gunderson, K eds. (1975) Language mind and knowledge. Volume 7 of Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 3-35
  12. Lyons, D (1976) Ethical relativism and the problem of incoherence. Ethics 86: pp. 107-121 CrossRef
  13. Miller, R (1979) Reason and commitment in the social sciences. Philosophy and Public Affairs 8: pp. 261-262
  14. Miller, R Moral realism. In: Becker, LC eds. (2001) Encyclopedia of ethics. Routledge, New York
  15. Rovane, C Relativism requires alternatives, not disagreement or relative truth. In: Hales, SD eds. (2011) A companion to relativism. Wiley-Blackwell, New York, pp. 31-52 CrossRef
  16. Sarkissian, H, Park, J, Tien, D, Wright, JC, Knobe, J (2011) Folk moral relativism. Mind and Language 26: pp. 482-505 CrossRef
  17. Schweder, RA, Much, N, Mahapatra, C, Park, L The 鈥榖ig three鈥?of morality (autonomy, community, divinity) and the 鈥榖ig three鈥?explanations of suffering. In: Brandt, A, Rozen, P eds. (1997) Morality and health. Routledge, New York, pp. 119-169
  18. Sturgeon, N Moral explanations. In: Sayre-McCord, G eds. (1988) Essays on moral realism. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, pp. 229-255
  19. Sturgeon, N (1994) Moral disagreement and moral relativism. Social Philosophy and Policy 11: pp. 80-115 CrossRef
  
• 刊物类别：Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
• 刊物主题：Philosophy
  Philosophy
  Logic
  Epistemology
  Philosophy of Mind
  Philosophy of Religion
  
• 出版者：Springer Netherlands
• ISSN：1573-0883

文摘

I begin by describing my relation with Nicholas Sturgeon and his objections to things I have said about moral explanations. Then I turn to issues about moral relativism. One of these is whether a plausible version of moral relativism can be formulated as a claim about the logical form of certain moral judgments. I (now) agree that is not a good way to think of moral relativism. Instead, I think of moral relativism as a version of moral realism. I compare moral relativism with the relativity of motion and with the relativity of language. Moralities are real in a way that is similar to the way that languages are real. Next I discuss resemblances between nonhuman animal behavior and human behavior having to do with language or communication and with moral or proto-moral behavior. However, I am more interested in aspects of language and morality that are not found in nonhuman animals, aspects that appear to depend on a kind of recursive structure in human language and morality but not in animals. This leads me to argue that aspects of moral theory might benefit from a comparison with certain aspects of linguistic theory. Another comparison is between moralities and legal systems: I speculate that the content of legal and moral systems is influenced by legal and moral bargaining.