Guanaco abundance and monitoring in Southern Patagonia: distance sampling reveals substantially greater numbers than previously reported

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• 作者：Alejandro Travaini (1)
  Sonia C Zapata (2)
  Javier Bustamante (3)
  Julieta Pedrana (1) (4)
  Juan I Zan贸n (2) (5)
  Alejandro Rodr铆guez (6)
  
  1. Centro de Investigaci贸n de Puerto Deseado ; Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral ; CONICET ; Avenida Prefectura Naval s/n ; 9050 ; Puerto Deseado ; Santa Cruz ; Argentina
  2. Centro de Investigaci贸n de Puerto Deseado ; Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral ; Avenida Prefectura Naval s/n ; 9050 ; Puerto Deseado ; Santa Cruz ; Argentina
  3. Department of Wetland Ecology ; Remote Sensing and GIS Lab (LAST-EBD) ; Estaci贸n Biol贸gica de Do帽ana ; CSIC ; Am茅rico Vespucio s/n ; 41092 ; Sevilla ; Spain
  4. Recursos Naturales y Gesti贸n Ambiental ; Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog铆a Agropecuaria ; EEA Balcarce ; CC 276 ; 7620 ; Balcarce ; Buenos Aires ; Argentina
  5. Centro para el Estudio y Conservaci贸n de las Aves Rapaces en Argentina ; UNLPam ; INCITAP ; CONICET ; Avda. Uruguay 151 ; 6300 ; Santa Rosa ; La Pampa ; Argentina
  6. Department of Conservation Biology ; Estaci贸n Biol贸gica de Do帽ana ; CSIC ; Am茅rico Vespucio s/n ; 41092 ; Sevilla ; Spain
  
• 关键词：Distance sampling ; Guanaco ; Livestock ; Monitoring ; Patagonian shrub ; steppe ; Sustainable uses
• 刊名：Zoological Studies
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：December 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：54
• 期：1
• 全文大小：1,145 KB
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• 刊物主题：Zoology;
• 出版者：Springer Berlin Heidelberg
• ISSN：1810-522X

文摘

Background Guanacos (Lama guanicoe) are thought to have declined in Patagonia mainly as a result of hunting and sheep ranching. Currently accepted estimates of total population size are extrapolated from densities obtained through strip transects in local studies. We used road surveys (8,141 km) and distance sampling to estimate guanaco density and population size over major environmental gradients of Santa Cruz, a large region in southern Patagonia. We also calculated the survey effort required to detect population trends in Santa Cruz. Results We found considerable spatial variation in density (1.1 to 7.4 ind/km2), with a mean value of 4.8 ind/km2, which is more than twice the mean value guessed for central and northern Patagonia. Consequently, guanaco numbers in Santa Cruz were estimated at 1.1 million individuals (95% CI 0.7 to 1.6), which almost doubles current estimates of guanaco population size in South America. High guanaco abundance was found in arid lands, overgrazed and unable to support profitable sheep stocks. Detecting a 50% change in guanaco population size over a 10-year period requires substantial monitoring effort: the annual survey of between 40 and 80 30-km transects, which becomes up to 120 transects if trends are to be detected over 5 years. Conclusions Regional patterns in guanaco density can only be detected through large-scale surveys. Coupling these surveys with distance sampling techniques produce robust estimates of density and its variation. Figures so obtained improve currently available estimates of guanaco population size across its geographic range, which seem to be extrapolated from strip counts over small areas. In arid lands degraded by sheep overgrazing, sustainable use of guanaco populations would help harmonize guanaco conservation, socio-economic progress of rural areas, and eventually the restoration of shrub-steppes.