Comparative morphology and phylogenetic significance of Gregory's diverticulum in sand dollars (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida)

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• 作者：Alexander Ziegler ; Jennifer Lenihan ; Louis G. Zachos…
• 关键词：Echinodermata ; Digestive tract ; Gregory’s diverticulum ; Magnetite ; Comparative morphology ; Soft tissue ; Phylogeny
• 刊名：Organisms Diversity & Evolution
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：March 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：16
• 期：1
• 页码：141-166
• 全文大小：5,592 KB
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• 作者单位：Alexander Ziegler (1)
  Jennifer Lenihan (2)
  Louis G. Zachos (3)
  Cornelius Faber (4)
  Rich Mooi (5)
  
  1. Institut für Zoologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 169, 53115, Bonn, Germany
  2. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
  3. Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, University of Mississippi, 120 Carrier Hall, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
  4. Institut für Klinische Radiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
  5. California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
  
• 刊物主题：Biodiversity; Evolutionary Biology; Developmental Biology; Animal Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography; Plant Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography;
• 出版者：Springer Berlin Heidelberg
• ISSN：1618-1077

文摘

Several derived sand dollar (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida) families are characterized by the presence of Gregory’s diverticulum, an accessory organ of the digestive tract. This soft tissue structure is composed of a central tubular cecum that gives off multiple lobes into the periphery of the test. Most notable are the organ’s capacity to selectively store sand grains that the animal has taken up from the surrounding sediment as well as the gradual reduction of Gregory’s diverticulum during ontogeny. Several aspects of the biology of this structure have remained unexplored, including the organ’s precise morphology and structural diversity. In order to provide a concise basis for future histological, physiological, and functional analyses, a comprehensive comparative morphological and phylogenetic study across numerous taxa was undertaken. Taxon sampling comprised over 100 clypeasteroid species, including various fossil taxa. This extensive dataset permits establishing a concise terminology that incorporates all of the organ’s substructures. In addition, three-dimensional models of Gregory’s diverticulum are presented that provide an improved spatial understanding of the organ’s morphology in situ. The combined data from dissection, X-ray imaging, microcomputed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging reveal a previously unknown variability of the structure, which also yields several phylogenetically informative morphological characters. Among those sand dollar families that possess Gregory’s diverticulum, the organ is present in two distinct shapes, which can be distinguished by the number, shape, and location of substructures. In addition, the data provide unequivocal evidence that Gregory’s diverticulum is absent in the extant taxa Rotulidae and Astriclypeidae, but also in the enigmatic Marginoproctus.