Environmental life cycle assessment of a dairy product: the yoghurt

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Sara González-García (1) (2)
  érica G. Castanheira (3)
  Ana Cláudia Dias (1)
  Luis Arroja (1)
  
• 关键词：Dairy sector ; Environmental analysis ; Milk ; Portugal
• 刊名：The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
• 出版年：2013
• 出版时间：May 2013
• 年：2013
• 卷：18
• 期：4
• 页码：796-811
• 全文大小：891KB
• 参考文献：1. Althaus HJ, Chudacoff M, Hischier R, Jungbluth N, Osses M, Primas A (2007). Life cycle inventories of chemicals. Ecoinvent report No. 8, v2.0 EMPA, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Deubendorf, Switzerland
  2. Bartl K, Gómez CA, Nemecek T (2011) Life cycle assessment of milk produced in two smallholder dairy systems in the highlands and the coast of Peru. J Clean Prod 19:1494-505 CrossRef
  3. Basset-Mens C, van der Werf HMG (2005) Scenario-based environmental assessment of farming systems: the case of pig production in France. Agric Ecosyst Environ 105:127-44 CrossRef
  4. Berlin J (2002) Environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of Swedish semi-hard cheese. Int Dairy J 12:939-53 CrossRef
  5. Berlin J, Sonesson U (2008) Minimising environmental impact by sequencing cultured dairy products: two case studies. J Clean Prod 16:483-98 CrossRef
  6. Berlin J, Sonesson U, Tillman AM (2007) A life cycle based method to minimise environmental impact of dairy production through product sequencing. J Clean Prod 15:347-56 CrossRef
  7. Berlin J, Sonesson U, Tillman AM (2008) Product chain actors-potential for greening the product life cycle. The case of the Swedish postfarm milk. J Ind Ecol 12(1):95-10 CrossRef
  8. Castanheira EG, Dias AC, Arroja L, Amaro R (2010) The environmental performance of milk production on a typical Portuguese dairy farm. Agric Syst 103:498-07 CrossRef
  9. Cederberg C, Mattsson B (2000) Life cycle assessment of milk production—a comparison of conventional and organic farming. J Clean Prod 8:49-0 CrossRef
  10. Cederberg C, Stadig M (2003) System expansion and allocation in life cycle assessment of milk and beef production. Int J Life Cycle Assess 8(6):350-56 CrossRef
  11. Celpa—Associa??o da Indústria Papeleira (2011) http://www.celpa.pt/index.php [accessed March, 2012]
  12. de Boer IJM (2003) Environmental impact assessment of conventional and organic milk production. Live Prod Sci 80:69-7 CrossRef
  13. Doka G (2007) Life cycle inventories of waste treatment services. Ecoinvent report No. 13, v2.0 EMPA, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Duebendorf, Switzerland
  14. Dones R, Bauer C, Bolliger R, Burger B, Faist Emmenegger M, Frischknecht R, Heck T, Jungbluth N, R?der A, Tuchschmid M (2007) Life cycle inventories of energy systems: results for current systems in Switzerland and other UCTE countries. Ecoinvent report No. 5. Paul Scherrer Institut Villigen, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Duebendorf, Switzerland
  15. Eriksson IS, Elmquist H, Stern S, Nybrant T (2005) Environmental systems analysis of pig production. The impact of feed choice. Int J Life Cycle Assess 10(2):143-54 CrossRef
  16. Euromilk (2011) milk.org/upload/docs/EDA/Statistics/EU%20Dairy%20Market%20summaries%202007-2010%20and%202011%20forecast.pdf">http://www.euromilk.org/upload/docs/EDA/Statistics/EU%20Dairy%20Market%20summaries%202007-2010%20and%202011%20forecast.pdf [accessed March, 2012]
  17. European Commission (2011a) http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/food/eu-market/index_en.htm [accessed February, 2012]
  18. Eurostat (2006) http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-BW-09-001/EN/KS-BW-09-001-EN.PDF
  19. Fantin V, Buttol P, Pergreffi R, Masoni P (2012) Life cycle assessment of Italian high quality milk production. A comparison with an EPD study. J Clean Prod 28:150-59 CrossRef
  20. Gallego A, Hospido A, Moreira MT, Feijoo G (2011) Environmental assessment of dehydrated alfalfa production in Spain. Resour Conserv Recy 55:1005-012 CrossRef
  21. Glende C (1997) Vedlegg til LCA som beslutningsgrunnlag ved fordeling av kulturmelkproduksjon (LCA as a criterion for decisions regarding cultured milk production). M.Sc. thesis, Department of Food Science, Agriculture University of Norway, ?s, Norway
  22. Goedkoop M, de Schryver A, Oele M (2008) Introduction to LCA with SimaPro 7. PRé Consultants, The Netherlands
  23. González-García S, Castanheira EG, Dias AC, Arroja L (2012) Using LCA methodology to assess UHT milk production in a Portuguese case study. Sci Total Environ. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.035
  24. Guinée JB, Gorrée M, Heijungs R, Huppes G, Kleijn R, de Koning A, van Oers L, Wegener A, Suh S, Udo de Haes HA (2001) Life cycle assessment. An operational guide to the ISO standards. Centre of Environmental Science, Leiden
  25. Hischier R (2007) Life cycle inventories of packagings and graphical papers. Ecoinvent report No. 11, v2.0 EMPA, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Duebendorf, Switzerland
  26. Hischier R, Weidema B, Althaus HJ, Bauer C, Doka G, Dones R, et al. (2007) Implementation of life cycle impact assessment methods. Ecoinvent report No. 3, v2.1. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Duebendorf, Switzerland
  27. Hoffman P (1999) Adding urea to corn silage. University of Wisconsin Board of Regents. http://www.uwex.edu/ces/crops/uwforage/Adding%20Urea%20to%20Corn%20Silage.htm [accessed March, 2012]
  28. H?gaas Eide M (2002) Life cycle assessment (LCA) of industrial milk production. Int J Life Cycle Assess 7(2):115-26 CrossRef
  29. Hospido A, Moreira MT, Feijoo G (2003) Simplified life cycle assessment of Galician milk production. Int Dairy J 13:783-96 CrossRef
  30. Hospido A, Vazquez ME, Cuevas A, Feijoo G, Moreira MT (2006) Environmental assessment of canned tuna manufacture with a life-cycle perspective. Resour Conserv Recy 47:56-2 CrossRef
  31. IEA –International Energy Agency (2009) Electricity/Heat Data for Portugal Electricity/Heat in Portugal in 2004. http://www.iea.org [accessed March, 2012]
  32. INE—Statistics Portugal (2009) www.ine.pt [accessed January, 2012]
  33. INE—Statistics Portugal (2010) www.ine.pt [accessed February, 2012]
  34. Iribarren D, Hospido A, Moreira MT, Feijoo G (2011) Benchmarking environmental and operational parameters through eco-efficiency criteria for dairy farms. Sci Tot Environ 409:1786-798 CrossRef
  35. ISO 14040 (2006) Environmental management–life cycle assessment—principles and framework. Second edition. Geneva, Switzerland
  36. Karlsson M, Rohdin P, Karlsson F, Moshfegh B (2004) Energikonsekvenser av strukturerat energieffektivitetst?nkande f?r Arla Foods (EKSET) (Energy consequences found by a structured energy efficient thinking for Arla Foods). Department of Energy Systems, Link?ping University of Technology, Link?ping
  37. Keoleian GA, Phipps AW, Dritz T, Brachfeld D (2004) Life cycle environmental performance and improvement of a yogurt product delivery system. Packag Technol Sci 17:85-03 CrossRef
  38. Korsstr?m E, Lampi M (2008) Best available techniques (BAT) for the Nordic dairy industry. http://eldri.ust.is/media/skyrslur2002/BAT_mjolkuridn_2001-586.pdf [accessed March 13, 2012]
  39. Meissner Schau E, Magerholm Fet A (2008) LCA studies of food products as background for environmental product declarations. Int J Life Cycle Assess 13(3):255-64 CrossRef
  40. Nielsen PH, Nielsen AM, Weidema BP, Dalgaard R, Halberg N (2003) LCAfood Database. http://www.lcafood.dk [accessed March 13, 2012]
  41. Plastic Europe (2012) http://www.plasticseurope.org/ [accessed March 13, 2012]
  42. Portuguese Environmental Agency (2010) http://www.apambiente.pt [accessed February, 2012]
  43. Ramírez CA, Patel M, Blok K (2006) From fluid milk to milk powder: energy use and energy efficiency in the European dairy industry. Energy 31:1984-004 CrossRef
  44. Spielmann M, Bauer C, Dones R, Tuchschmid M (2007) Transport services. Ecoinvent report No. 14. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Duebendorf, Switzerland
  45. Wijnands JHM, van der Meulen BMJ, Poppe KJ (2007) Competitiveness of the European Food Industry. An economic and legal assessment. European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/food/files/competitiveness_study_en.pdf [accessed March 13, 2012]
  
• 作者单位：Sara González-García (1) (2)
  érica G. Castanheira (3)
  Ana Cláudia Dias (1)
  Luis Arroja (1)
  
  1. CESAM, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
  3. ADAI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788, Coimbra, Portugal
  
• ISSN：1614-7502

文摘

Purpose The dairy sector covers multiple activities related to milk production and treatment for alimentary uses. Different dairy products are available in the markets, with yoghurt being the second most important in terms of production. The goal of this study was to analyse from a cradle-to-grave approach the environmental impacts and energy balance derived from the yoghurt (solid, stirred and drinking yoghurts) manufacture process in a specific dairy factory processing 100?% Portuguese raw milk. Methods The standard framework of life cycle assessment (LCA) was followed and inventory data were collected on site in the dairy factory and completed using the literature and databases. The following impact categories were evaluated adopting a CML method: abiotic depletion (ADP), acidification (AP), eutrophication (EP), global warming (GWP), ozone layer depletion (ODP), land competition (LC) and photochemical oxidants formation (POFP), with the energy analysis carried out based on the cumulative non-renewable fossil and nuclear energy demand (CED). A mass allocation approach was considered for the partitioning of the environmental burdens between the different products obtained since not only yoghurts are produced but also dairy fodder. Results and discussion The key processes from an environmental point of view were identified. Some of the potential results obtained were in line with other specific related studies where dairy systems were assessed from an LCA perspective. The production of the milk-based inputs (i.e. raw milk, concentrated and powdered milk) was the main factor responsible of the environmental loads and energy requirements, with remarkable contributions of 91?% of AP, 92?% of EP and 62?% of GWP. Other activities that have important environmental impacts include the production of the energy requirements in the dairy factory, packaging materials production and retailing. Potential alternatives were proposed in order to reduce the contributions to the environmental profile throughout the life cycle of the yoghurt. These alternatives were based on the minimisation of milk losses, reductions of distances travelled and energy consumption at retailing and household use, as well as changes to the formulation of the animal feed. All of these factors derived from light environmental reductions. Conclusions The main reductions of the environmental impact derived from yoghurt production can be primarily obtained at dairy farms, although important improvements could also be made at the dairy factory.