The physicochemical, safety and antimicrobial properties of Phyllanthus amarus herbal cream and ointment

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• 作者：Tolulope O. Ajala ; Mbang N. Femi-Oyewo…
• 关键词：Phyllanthus amarus ; Cream ; Ointment ; Physicochemical ; Safety ; Antimicrobial property
• 刊名：Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：April 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：46
• 期：2
• 页码：169-178
• 全文大小：713 KB
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• 作者单位：Tolulope O. Ajala (1)
  Mbang N. Femi-Oyewo (2)
  Oluwatoyin A. Odeku (1)
  Oluwasanmi O. Aina (3)
  Adebowale B. Saba (4)
  Olayinka O. Oridupa (4)
  
  1. Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  2. Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Nigeria
  3. Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  4. Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  
• 刊物主题：Biomedicine general;
• 出版者：Springer Netherlands
• ISSN：2093-6214

文摘

The ethanol extract of Phyllanthus amarus (Schum and Thonn), a plant of ethnomedicinal importance, was formulated into herbal cream and ointment and evaluated using physicochemical, safety and antimicrobial properties. The extract was obtained by maceration and the antimicrobial properties tested on clinically isolated pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and dermatophytes (Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans) using established methods. Cream and ointment formulations containing 1–10 % w/_w extract was prepared and 4 % w/_w humectant (glycerin) was incorporated into the cream while 5 % w/_w surfactant (cetomacrogol 1000) was incorporated to the ointment. The results showed that the pH of the formulations was acidic and the viscosity ranged from 1250 to 4950 cP for ointments and 570–1233 cP for creams. The presence of humectant and surfactant significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the viscosities of the formulations. The results of dermal irritation showed negligible irritation index while sub-chronic toxicity tests showed that the formulations did not cause any visible lesions in the skin of the animals after application for twenty-one days. The in vitro antimicrobial properties of formulations were concentration-dependent with the creams showing higher activity. Furthermore, the in vivo activity of the cream on S. aureus showed increased antibacterial activity with increase in extract concentration and humectant presence. The herbal cream and ointment of Phyllanthus amarus extract had acceptable physicochemical and safety profiles with significant (p < 0.05) in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity. Thus, the formulations could be useful in the treatment of skin infections instead of using the extract for bathing and rubbing.