Induced defense mechanisms in an aquatic angiosperm to insect herbivory
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- 作者：Felix Fornoff (1) (2)
Elisabeth M. Gross (1) (3) - 关键词：Constitutive defense ; Constitutive resistance ; Induced defense ; Induced resistance ; Myriophyllum
- 刊名：Oecologia
- 出版年：2014
- 出版时间：May 2014
- 年：2014
- 卷：175
- 期：1
- 页码：173-185
- 全文大小：794 KB
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Elisabeth M. Gross (1) (3)
1. Department of Biology, Institute of Limnology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
2. Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Strasse 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
3. LIEC (Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux) UMR 7360, Université de Lorraine, Campus Bridoux, 57070, Metz, France - ISSN：1432-1939
文摘
In terrestrial angiosperms, defense and resistance mechanisms against herbivores have been studied extensively; yet this topic is poorly understood in aquatic angiosperms. We investigated induced response mechanisms in Myriophyllum spicatum to the generalist insect herbivore Acentria ephemerella in three independent experiments. Various morphological and chemical response variables were examined in grazed apical shoots and compared to undamaged controls. We further estimated plant palatability of induced and non-induced apices in choice assays, and assessed the growth response of Acentria larvae in no-choice feeding assays. Leaves of induced apices were splayed out horizontally and changed in color from green to red. The dry matter content and thus plant toughness increased by up to 19?%, but silica levels stayed constant. Induced apices exhibited a decline in chlorophyll content of up to 34?%, reflected also by a 10?% decrease in nitrogen levels, while nitrogen increased by 14?% in lower parts of grazed shoots. Also, herbivore-deterring total phenolic compounds increased by up to 20?% in apices. In choice trials, Acentria larvae strongly avoided grazed tips, and growth was reduced by 25?% on induced apices. In total, we observed five different induced resistance and defensive traits in grazed apices: changes in appearance, increased plant toughness, delocalization of N-containing metabolites, increased polyphenols, and reduced nutritional value. The observed changes prevent herbivore damage and loss of apical tissue, which are most valuable for plant fitness. Our study presents the first evidence of multiple, parallel defense strategies including constitutive and induced defense mechanisms in a freshwater angiosperm.