Microglia–blood vessel interactions: a double-edged sword in brain pathologies
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- 作者：Nevenka Dudvarski Stankovic ; Marcin Teodorczyk ; Robert Ploen…
- 关键词：Blood vessels ; Blood–brain barrier ; Microglia ; Ischemic stroke ; Brain tumors ; Neurological pathologies
- 刊名：Acta Neuropathologica
- 出版年：2016
- 出版时间：March 2016
- 年：2016
- 卷：131
- 期：3
- 页码：347-363
- 全文大小：2,001 KB
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Marcin Teodorczyk (1)
Robert Ploen (4)
Frauke Zipp (4)
Mirko H. H. Schmidt (1) (2) (3)
1. Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratories, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn²), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
2. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
3. German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
4. Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn²), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany - 刊物类别：Medicine
- 刊物主题：Medicine & Public Health
Pathology - 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
- ISSN：1432-0533
文摘
Microglia are long-living resident immune cells of the brain, which secure a stable chemical and physical microenvironment necessary for the proper functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). These highly dynamic cells continuously scan their environment for pathogens and possess the ability to react to damage-induced signals in order to protect the brain. Microglia, together with endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes and astrocytes, form the functional blood–brain barrier (BBB), a specialized endothelial structure that selectively separates the sensitive brain parenchyma from blood circulation. Microglia are in bidirectional and permanent communication with ECs and their perivascular localization enables them to survey the influx of blood-borne components into the CNS. Furthermore, they may stimulate the opening of the BBB, extravasation of leukocytes and angiogenesis. However, microglia functioning requires tight control as their dysregulation is implicated in the initiation and progression of numerous neurological diseases. Disruption of the BBB, changes in blood flow, introduction of pathogens in the sensitive CNS niche, insufficient nutrient supply, and abnormal secretion of cytokines or expression of endothelial receptors are reported to prime and attract microglia. Such reactive microglia have been reported to even escalate the damage of the brain parenchyma as is the case in ischemic injuries, brain tumors, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. In this review, we present the current state of the art of the causes and mechanisms of pathological interactions between microglia and blood vessels and explore the possibilities of targeting those dysfunctional interactions for the development of future therapeutics. Keywords Blood vessels Blood–brain barrier Microglia Ischemic stroke Brain tumors Neurological pathologies