Recharge mixing in a complex distributary spring system in the Missouri Ozarks, USA

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• 作者：Benjamin V. Miller ; Robert N. Lerch ; Christopher G. Groves…
• 关键词：Distributary springs ; Karst ; Groundwater/surface ; water relations ; Hydrochemistry ; Conceptual models ; USA
• 刊名：Hydrogeology Journal
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：May 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：23
• 期：3
• 页码：451-465
• 全文大小：8,432 KB
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• 作者单位：Benjamin V. Miller (1) (3)
  Robert N. Lerch (2)
  Christopher G. Groves (1)
  Jason S. Polk (1)
  
  1. Hoffman Environmental Research Institute, Department of Geography and Geology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA
  3. US Geological Survey, Tennessee Water Science Center, Nashville, TN, 37211, USA
  2. USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cropping Systems and Water Quality Research Unit, 1406 Rollins St., Rm. 269, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
  
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：Earth sciences
  Hydrogeology
  Geology
  Waste Water Technology, Water Pollution Control, Water Management and Aquatic Pollution
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
• ISSN：1435-0157

文摘

Toronto Springs is a complex distributary karst spring system with 11 perennial springs in the Missouri Ozarks, USA. Carroll Cave (CC) and Wet Glaize Creek (WG) were previously identified as principal recharge sources. This study (1) characterized physical and chemical properties of springs and recharge sources; (2) developed end-member mixing models to estimate contributing proportions of CC and WG; and (3) created a conceptual model for the system. Samples analyzed for major ions and specific conductivity, in conjunction with a rotating continuous monitoring program to identify statistically comparable baseflow conditions, were used to assess differences among the sites. Monitoring data showed that the springs differed depending upon recharge proportions. Cluster analysis of average ion concentrations supported the choice of CC and WG as mixing model end members. Results showed a range in the proportions of the recharge sources, from surface-water to groundwater dominated. A conceptual model suggests that a system of distinct conduits beneath the WG flood plain transmits water to the individual springs. These conduits controlled the end-member recharge contributions and water chemistry of the springs. Interpretation of relative proportions of recharge contributions extends existing knowledge of karst hydrologic geometry beyond that of point-to-point connections to revealing complex surface-water/groundwater mixing in heterogeneous distributary spring systems.