The synaptic maintenance problem: membrane recycling, Ca2+ homeostasis and late onset degeneration

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• 作者：Ilya Bezprozvanny (1) (2)
  Peter Robin Hiesinger (1)
  
• 关键词：Neurodegeneration ; Endosome ; Autophagy ; Alzheimer鈥檚 disease ; Calcium ; Presenilin ; Amyloid ; Huntington鈥檚 disease ; Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy ; Lysosomal storage disorder ; Ataxia ; Calcineurin ; Excitotoxicity
• 刊名：Molecular Neurodegeneration
• 出版年：2013
• 出版时间：December 2013
• 年：2013
• 卷：8
• 期：1
• 全文大小：476KB
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• 作者单位：Ilya Bezprozvanny (1) (2)
  Peter Robin Hiesinger (1)
  
  1. Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, 75390-9040, TX, USA
  2. Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, St Petersburg State Polytechnical University, 195251, St Petersburg, Russia
  

文摘

Most neurons are born with the potential to live for the entire lifespan of the organism. In addition, neurons are highly polarized cells with often long axons, extensively branched dendritic trees and many synaptic contacts. Longevity together with morphological complexity results in a formidable challenge to maintain synapses healthy and functional. This challenge is often evoked to explain adult-onset degeneration in numerous neurodegenerative disorders that result from otherwise divergent causes. However, comparably little is known about the basic cell biological mechanisms that keep normal synapses alive and functional in the first place. How the basic maintenance mechanisms are related to slow adult-onset degeneration in different diseasesis largely unclear. In this review we focus on two basic and interconnected cell biological mechanisms that are required for synaptic maintenance: endomembrane recycling and calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. We propose that subtle defects in these homeostatic processes can lead to late onset synaptic degeneration. Moreover, the same basic mechanisms are hijacked, impaired or overstimulated in numerous neurodegenerative disorders. Understanding the pathogenesis of these disorders requires an understanding of both the initial cause of the disease and the on-going changes in basic maintenance mechanisms. Here we discuss the mechanisms that keep synapses functional over long periods of time with the emphasis on their role in slow adult-onset neurodegeneration.