Experimental Investigation on Dilation Mechanisms of Land-Facies Karamay Oil Sand Reservoirs under Water Injection

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• 作者：Botao Lin ; Yan Jin ; Huiwen Pang ; Amy B. Cerato
• 关键词：Oil sand ; Land facies ; Hydraulic fracturing ; Water injection ; Shear dilation ; Tensile parting
• 刊名：Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：April 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：49
• 期：4
• 页码：1425-1439
• 全文大小：3,648 KB
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• 作者单位：Botao Lin (1)
  Yan Jin (1)
  Huiwen Pang (1)
  Amy B. Cerato (2)
  
  1. State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, 102249, Beijing, China
  2. School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
  
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：Earth sciences
  Geophysics and Geodesy
  Civil Engineering
  
• 出版者：Springer Wien
• ISSN：1434-453X

文摘

The success of steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is strongly dependent on the formation of a homogeneous and highly permeable zone in the land-facies Karamay oil sand reservoirs. To accomplish this, hydraulic fracturing is applied through controlled water injection to a pair of horizontal wells to create a dilation zone between the dual wells. The mechanical response of the reservoirs during this injection process, however, has remained unclear for the land-facies oil sand that has a loosely packed structure. This research conducted triaxial, permeability and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests on the field-collected oil sand samples. The tests evaluated the influences of the field temperature, confining stress and injection pressure on the dilation mechanisms as shear dilation and tensile parting during injection. To account for petrophysical heterogeneity, five reservoir rocks including regular oil sand, mud-rich oil sand, bitumen-rich oil sand, mudstone and sandstone were investigated. It was found that the permeability evolution in the oil sand samples subjected to shear dilation closely followed the porosity and microcrack evolutions in the shear bands. In contrast, the mudstone and sandstone samples developed distinct shear planes, which formed preferred permeation paths. Tensile parting expanded the pore space and increased the permeability of all the samples in various degrees. Based on this analysis, it is concluded that the range of injection propagation in the pay zone determines the overall quality of hydraulic fracturing, while the injection pressure must be carefully controlled. A region in a reservoir has little dilation upon injection if it remains unsaturated. Moreover, a cooling of the injected water can strengthen the dilation potential of a reservoir. Finally, it is suggested that the numerical modeling of water injection in the Karamay oil sand reservoirs must take into account the volumetric plastic strain in hydrostatic loading.