Origin of the 30 THz Emission Detected During the Solar Flare on 2012 March 13 at 17:20 UT

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• 作者：G. Trottet ; J.-P. Raulin ; A. Mackinnon ; G. Giménez?de?Castro…
• 关键词：Radio bursts ; microwave ; X ; ray bursts ; association with flares ; X ; ray burst ; spectrum ; Chromosphere ; models ; Heating ; chromospheric ; Heating ; in flares
• 刊名：Solar Physics
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：October 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：290
• 期：10
• 页码：2809-2826
• 全文大小：1,587 KB
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  MacKinnon, A.L., Tone
• 作者单位：G. Trottet (1)
  J.-P. Raulin (2)
  A. Mackinnon (3)
  G. Giménez?de?Castro (2)
  P. J. A. Sim?es (3)
  D. Cabezas (2)
  V. de?La Luz (4)
  M. Luoni (5)
  P. Kaufmann (2) (6)
  
  1. LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195, Meudon, France
  2. CRAAM Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, S?o Paulo, Brazil
  3. School of Physics and Astronomy, SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
  4. SCiESMEX, Instituto de Geofisica, Unidad Michoacan, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Morelia, Michoacan, CP 58190, Mexico
  5. IAFE, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  6. CCS, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
  
• 刊物类别：Physics and Astronomy
• 刊物主题：Physics
  Astronomy
  Extraterrestrial Physics and Space Sciences
  Astrophysics
  
• 出版者：Springer Netherlands
• ISSN：1573-093X

文摘

Solar observations in the infrared domain can bring important clues on the response of the low solar atmosphere to primary energy released during flares. At present, the infrared continuum has been detected at 30 THz (10 μm) in only a few flares. SOL2012-03-13, which is one of these flares, has been presented and discussed in Kaufmann et al. (Astrophys. J. 768, 134, 2013). No firm conclusions were drawn on the origin of the mid-infrared radiation. In this work we present a detailed multi-frequency analysis of the SOL2012-03-13 event, including observations at radio-millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths, in hard X-rays (HXR), gamma-rays (GR), \(\mathrm{H}\alpha\), and white light. The HXR/GR spectral analysis shows that SOL2012-03-13 is a GR line flare and allows estimating the numbers of and energy contents in electrons, protons, and \(\alpha\) particles produced during the flare. The energy spectrum of the electrons producing the HXR/GR continuum is consistent with a broken power-law with an energy break at \({\sim}\,800~\mbox{keV}\). We show that the high-energy part (above \({\sim}\, 800~\mbox{keV}\)) of this distribution is responsible for the high-frequency radio emission (\({>}\, 20~\mbox{GHz}\)) detected during the flare. By comparing the 30 THz emission expected from semi-empirical and time-independent models of the quiet and flare atmospheres, we find that most (\({\sim}\,80~\%\)) of the observed 30 THz radiation can be attributed to thermal free–free emission of an optically thin source. Using the F2 flare atmospheric model (Machado et al. in Astrophys. J. 242, 336, 1980), this thin source is found to be at temperatures T \({\sim}\,8000~\mbox{K}\) and is located well above the minimum temperature region. We argue that the chromospheric heating, which results in 80 % of the 30 THz excess radiation, can be due to energy deposition by nonthermal flare-accelerated electrons, protons, and \(\alpha\) particles. The remaining 20 % of the 30 THz excess emission is found to be radiated from an optically thick atmospheric layer at T \({\sim}\, 5000~\mbox{K}\), below the temperature minimum region, where direct heating by nonthermal particles is insufficient to account for the observed infrared radiation. Keywords Radio bursts, microwave X-ray bursts, association with flares X-ray burst, spectrum Chromosphere, models Heating, chromospheric Heating, in flares