Sampling strategies to measure the prevalence of common recurrent infections in longitudinal studies

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Wolf-Peter Schmidt (1)
  Bernd Genser (2)
  Mauricio L Barreto (2)
  Thomas Clasen (1)
  Stephen P Luby (3)
  Sandy Cairncross (1)
  Zaid Chalabi (4)
  
• 刊名：Emerging Themes in Epidemiology
• 出版年：2010
• 出版时间：December 2010
• 年：2010
• 卷：7
• 期：1
• 全文大小：794KB
• 参考文献：1. Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Feikin DR, / et al.: Effect of handwashing on child health: a randomised controlled trial. / Lancet 2005,366(9481):225鈥?3. CrossRef
  2. Strina A, Cairncross S, Prado MS, Teles CA, Barreto ML: Childhood diarrhoea symptoms, management and duration: observations from a longitudinal community study. / Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2005,99(6):407鈥?6. CrossRef
  3. Clasen T, Brown J, Suntura O, Collin S: Safe household water treatment and storage using ceramic drip filters: a randomised controlled trial in Bolivia. / Water Sci Technol 2004,50(1):111鈥?.
  4. Schmidt WP, Luby SP, Genser B, Barreto ML, Clasen T: Estimating the Longitudinal Prevalence of Diarrhea and Other Episodic Diseases: Continuous Versus Intermittent Surveillance. / Epidemiology 2007,18(5):537鈥?3. CrossRef
  5. Crump JA, Otieno PO, Slutsker L, / et al.: Household based treatment of drinking water with flocculant-disinfectant for preventing diarrhoea in areas with turbid source water in rural western Kenya: cluster randomised controlled trial. / BMJ 2005,331(7515):478. CrossRef
  6. Morris SS, Cousens SN, Kirkwood BR, Arthur P, Ross DA: Is prevalence of diarrhea a better predictor of subsequent mortality and weight gain than diarrhea incidence? / Am J Epidemiol 1996,144(6):582鈥?.
  7. Torres AM, Peterson KE, de Souza AC, Orav EJ, Hughes M, Chen LC: Association of diarrhoea and upper respiratory infections with weight and height gains in Bangladeshi children aged 5 to 11 years. / Bull World Health Organ 2000,78(11):1316鈥?3.
  8. Kirkwood B, Sterne J: / Medical Statistics. 2nd edition. Malden: Blackwell Science; 2003.
  9. Schmidt WP, Genser B, Chalabi Z: A simulation model for diarrhoea and other common recurrent infections: a tool for exploring epidemiological methods. / Epidemiol Infect 2009,137(5):644鈥?3. CrossRef
  10. Barreto ML, Santos LM, Assis AM, / et al.: Effect of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhoea and acute lower-respiratory-tract infections in young children in Brazil. / Lancet 1994,344(8917):228鈥?1. CrossRef
  11. Genser B, Strina A, Teles CA, Prado MS, Barreto ML: Risk factors for childhood diarrhea incidence: dynamic analysis of a longitudinal study. / Epidemiology 2006,17(6):658鈥?7. CrossRef
  12. Lima AA, Moore SR, Barboza MS, / et al.: Persistent diarrhea signals a critical period of increased diarrhea burdens and nutritional shortfalls: a prospective cohort study among children in northeastern Brazil. / J Infect Dis 2000,181(5):1643鈥?1. CrossRef
  13. Reller ME, Mendoza CE, Lopez MB, / et al.: A randomized controlled trial of household-based flocculant-disinfectant drinking water treatment for diarrhea prevention in rural Guatemala. / Am J.Trop Med Hyg 2003,69(4):411鈥?.
  14. Vitamin A supplementation in northern Ghana: effects on clinic attendances, hospital admissions, and child mortality. Ghana VAST Study Team / Lancet 1993,342(8862):7鈥?2.
  15. Alam N, Henry FJ, Rahaman MM: Reporting errors in one-week diarrhoea recall surveys: experience from a prospective study in rural Bangladesh. / Int J Epidemiol 1989,18(3):697鈥?00. CrossRef
  16. Boerma JT, Black RE, Sommerfelt AE, Rutstein SO, Bicego GT: Accuracy and completeness of mothers' recall of diarrhoea occurrence in pre-school children in demographic and health surveys. / Int J Epidemiol 1991,20(4):1073鈥?0. CrossRef
  17. Ramakrishnan R, Venkatarao T, Koya PK, Kamaraj P: Influence of recall period on estimates of diarrhoea morbidity in infants in rural Tamilnadu. / Indian J Public Health 1999,43(4):136鈥?.
  18. Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Painter J, / et al.: Combining drinking water treatment and hand washing for diarrhoea prevention, a cluster randomised controlled trial. / Trop Med Int Health 2006,11(4):479鈥?9. CrossRef
  19. M盲usezahl D, Christen A, Pacheco G, / et al.: A cluster-randomized, controlled trial of solar drinking water disinfection (SODIS) to reduce childhood diarrhoea in rural Bolivia. / PLoS Medicine 2009,6(8):e1000125. CrossRef
  20. van der Hoek W, Feenstra SG, Konradsen F: Availability of irrigation water for domestic use in Pakistan: its impact on prevalence of diarrhoea and nutritional status of children. / J Health Popul Nutr 2002,20(1):77鈥?4.
  21. Emerson PM, Lindsay SW, Alexander N, / et al.: Role of flies and provision of latrines in trachoma control: cluster-randomised controlled trial. / Lancet 2004,363(9415):1093鈥?. CrossRef
  22. Tiwari SS, Schmidt WP, Darby J, Kariuki ZG, Jenkins MW: Intermittent slow sand filtration for preventing diarrhoea among children in Kenyan households using unimproved water sources: randomized controlled trial. / Trop Med Int Health 2009,14(11):1374鈥?2. CrossRef
  23. Black RE, Morris SS, Bryce J: Where and why are 10 million children dying every year? / Lancet 2003,361(9376):2226鈥?4. CrossRef
  24. Ross DA, Huttly SR, Dollimore N, Binka FN: Measurement of the frequency and severity of childhood acute respiratory infections through household surveys in northern Ghana. / Int J Epidemiol 1994,23(3):608鈥?6. CrossRef
  25. Boisson S, Schmidt WP, Berhanu T, Gezahegn H, Clasen T: A randomised controlled trial in rural Ethiopia to test a portable water treatment device. / Environ Sci Technol 2009,43(15):5934鈥?. CrossRef
  26. Lee G, Cama V, Gilman RH, Cabrera L, Saito M, Checkley W: Comparison of two types of epidemiological surveys aimed at collecting daily clinical symptoms in community-based longitudinal studies. / Ann Epidemiol 2010,20(2):151鈥?. CrossRef
  27. Sutra S, Srisontrisuk S, Panpurk W, / et al.: The pattern of diarrhea in children in Khon Kaen, northeastern Thailand: I. The incidence and seasonal variation of diarrhea. Southeast Asian. / J Trop Med Public Health 1990,21(4):586鈥?3.
  28. Checkley W, Gilman RH, Black RE, / et al.: Effects of nutritional status on diarrhea in Peruvian children. / J Pediatr 2002,140(2):210鈥?. CrossRef
  29. van der HW, Konradsen F, Ensink JH, Mudasser M, Jensen PK: Irrigation water as a source of drinking water: is safe use possible? / Trop Med Int Health 2001,6(1):46鈥?4. CrossRef
  
• 作者单位：Wolf-Peter Schmidt (1)
  Bernd Genser (2)
  Mauricio L Barreto (2)
  Thomas Clasen (1)
  Stephen P Luby (3)
  Sandy Cairncross (1)
  Zaid Chalabi (4)
  
  1. Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
  2. Instituto de Sa煤de Coletiva, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
  3. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  4. Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
  

文摘

Background Measuring recurrent infections such as diarrhoea or respiratory infections in epidemiological studies is a methodological challenge. Problems in measuring the incidence of recurrent infections include the episode definition, recall error, and the logistics of close follow up. Longitudinal prevalence (LP), the proportion-of-time-ill estimated by repeated prevalence measurements, is an alternative measure to incidence of recurrent infections. In contrast to incidence which usually requires continuous sampling, LP can be measured at intervals. This study explored how many more participants are needed for infrequent sampling to achieve the same study power as frequent sampling. Methods We developed a set of four empirical simulation models representing low and high risk settings with short or long episode durations. The model was used to evaluate different sampling strategies with different assumptions on recall period and recall error. Results The model identified three major factors that influence sampling strategies: (1) the clustering of episodes in individuals; (2) the duration of episodes; (3) the positive correlation between an individual's disease incidence and episode duration. Intermittent sampling (e.g. 12 times per year) often requires only a slightly larger sample size compared to continuous sampling, especially in cluster-randomized trials. The collection of period prevalence data can lead to highly biased effect estimates if the exposure variable is associated with episode duration. To maximize study power, recall periods of 3 to 7 days may be preferable over shorter periods, even if this leads to inaccuracy in the prevalence estimates. Conclusion Choosing the optimal approach to measure recurrent infections in epidemiological studies depends on the setting, the study objectives, study design and budget constraints. Sampling at intervals can contribute to making epidemiological studies and trials more efficient, valid and cost-effective.