Enabling Conditions for Successful Greening of Public Spaces: The Case of Touroua, Cameroon Based on Perceptions
详细信息 查看全文
- 作者：Epule Terence Epule (1)
Changhui Peng (1)
Laurent Lepage (1)
Zhi Chen (2) - 关键词：Perceptions ; Public spaces ; Reforestation ; Stakeholder participation ; Harvest age
- 刊名：Small-scale Forestry
- 出版年：2014
- 出版时间：June 2014
- 年：2014
- 卷：13
- 期：2
- 页码：143-161
- 全文大小：
- 参考文献：1. Agarwal DY, Silander JA, Gelfand AE, Dewar RE, Mickelson JG (2005) Tropical deforestation in Madagascar: analysis using hierarchical, spatially explicit, Bayesian regression models. Ecol Model 185(1):105-31 CrossRef
2. Armenteras D, Rodriguez N, Retana J, Morales M (2010) Understanding deforestation in montane and lowland forest of the Colombian Andes. Reg Environ Change 11(3):693-05. doi:10.1007/s10113-010-0200-y CrossRef
3. Bartlett AG, Malla YB (1992) Local Forest Management and Forest Policy in Nepal. J World For Resour Manag 6(1):99-16
4. Bogale A, Urgessa B (2012) Households-willingness to pay for improved rural water service provision: application of contingent valuation method in eastern Ethiopia. J Hum Ecol 38(2):145-54
5. Chokkalingam U, Carandang AP, Pulhin JM, Lasco RD, Peras RJJ, Toma T (2006). One century of forest rehabilitation in the Philippines: approaches, outcomes and lessons. Country case studies on review of forest rehabilitation initiatives: lessons from the past. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Situ Gede, Sindang Barang Bogor Barat 16680, Indonesia
6. Close DC, Davidson NJ (2002) Revegetation to combat tree decline in the Midlands and Derwent Valley Lowlands of Tasmania: practices for improved plant establishment. Ecol Manag Restor 4(1):29-6 CrossRef
7. Colchester M (1996) Beyond ‘participation- indigenous peoples, biological diversity conservation and protected area management. Unasylva 186(3):33-9
8. De Jong W, Sam DD, Hung TV (2006) Forest rehabilitation in Vietnam: histories realities and future. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor
9. Degrande A, Schreckenberg K, Mbosso C, Anegbeh P, Okafor V, Kanmegne J (2006) Farmers-fruit tree-growing strategies in the humid forest zone of Cameroon and Nigeria. Agrofor Syst 67(2):159-75 CrossRef
10. Degrande A, Tadjo P, Takoutsing B, Asaah E, Tsobeng A, Tchoundjeu B (2012) Getting trees into farmers-fields: success of rural nurseries in distributing high quality planting materials in Cameroon. Small-Scale For. doi:10.1007/s11842-012-9220-4
11. Dolisca F, McDaniel JM, Teeter L (2007) Farmers-perceptions towards forests: a case study from Haiti. For Policy Econ 9(6):704-12. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2006.07.001 CrossRef
12. Dounias I, Aubry C, Capillon A (2002) Decision-making process for crop management on African farms. Modelling from a case study of cotton crops in northern Cameroon. Agric Syst 73(3):233-60 CrossRef
13. Dudley N, Mansourian S, Vallauri D (2005) Forest landscape restoration in context. In: Mansourian S, Vallauri D, Dudley N (eds) Forest restoration in landscapes. Springer, New York, pp 3- CrossRef
14. Duguma B, Tonye J (1994) Screening of multipurpose tree and shrub species for agroforestry in the humid lowlands of Cameroon. For Ecol Manag 64(2):135-43 CrossRef
15. Duguma B, Tonye J, Kanmegne J, Manga T, Enoch T (1994) Growth of ten multipurpose tree species on acid soils in Sangmelima. Cameroon Agrofor Syst 27(2):107-19 CrossRef
16. Elster C (2000) Reasons for reforestation success and failure with three mangrove species in Colombia. For Ecol Manag 131(1-):201-14 CrossRef
17. Epule ET, Peng C, Lepage L, Zhi C (2011) Forest loss triggers in Cameroon: a quantitative assessment using multiple linear regression approach. J Geogr Geol 3(1):30-0
18. Epule ET, Peng C, Lepage L, Zhi C (2012) Poverty and gender oriented vulnerabilities to food and water scarcity in Touroua. Cameroon J Hum Ecol 38(2):81-0
19. Epule ET, Peng C, Lepage L, Zhi C (2013) The causes, effects and challenges of Sahelian droughts: a critical review. Regional Environmental Change 13(2). doi:10.1007/s10113-013-0473-z
20. Fontem DA, Olanya OM, Tsopmbeng GR, Owona MAP (2005) Pathogenicity and metalaxyl sensitivity of / Phytophthora infestans isolates obtained from garden huckleberry, potato and tomato in Cameroon. Crop Prot 24(5):449-56 CrossRef
21. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. (2010a) FAOSTAT. Retrieved 15 Dec 2012 from http://www.faostat.org
22. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (2010b) Forest Resource Assessment. FAO forestry paper no 163, FAO, Rome. Retrieved 12 March 2013 from http://www.fao.org
23. Gunter S, Gonzalez P, Alvarez G, Aguirre N, Palomeque X, Haubrich F, Michael M (2009) Determinants for successful reforestation of abandoned pastures in the Andes: soil conditions and vegetation cover. For Ecol Manag 258(2):81-1 CrossRef
24. Harrison S, Gregorio N, Herbohn J (2008) A critical overview of forestry seedling production policies and practices in relation to smallholder forestry in developing countries. Small Scale For 7(3&4):207-23 CrossRef
25. Hartup B (1994) Community conservation in Belize: demography, resource use and attitudes of participating landowners. Biol Conserv 69(3):235-41 CrossRef
26. Higgins KB, Manders PT, Lambi AJ (1989) The efficiency of microclimate shelters in improving seedling survival in re-establishment of the clanwilliam cedar. S Afr J For 11(1):247-57
27. Hill B (1999) Farm household incomes: perceptions and statistics. J Rural Stud 15(3):345-58 CrossRef
28. Kanowski J, Catterall CP, Freebody K, Harrison DA (2008) Monitoring revegetation projects in rainforest landscapes. Toolkit version 2, report to the marine and Tropical Sciences Research Facility. Reef and Rainforest Research Centre Limited, Cairns
29. Kirkpatrick JB, Zacharek A, Chappell K (2000) Testing methods for mitigation of tree dieback in Tasmanian dry eucalypt forest and woodlands. Pac Conserv Biol 6:94-01
30. Lamb D, Gilmour DA (2003) Rehabilitation and restoration of degraded forests. IUCN, WWF, Gland, Switzerland, Cambridge
31. Le HD, Smith C, Herbohn J, Harrison S (2012) More than just trees: assessing reforestation success in tropical developing countries. J Rural Stud 28(1):5-9 CrossRef
32. Mackay SJ (1978) Dying Eucalyptus of the New England Tablelands. For Timber 14(1):18-0
33. Mackay SM, Humphreys FR, Clark RV, Nicholson DW, Lind PR (1984) Native tree dieback and mortality on the New England Tablelands of New South Wales. Forestry Commission of NSW, Sydney. Research Paper 3
34. Moon KH, Park DK (2004) The role and activities of NGOs in reforestation in the northeast Asian region. For Ecol Manag 201(1):75-1 CrossRef
35. Napier TL, Napier AS (1991) Perceptions of conservation compliance among farmers in a highly erodible area of Ohio. J Soil Water Conserv 48(3):220-24
36. Nawir AA, Murniati A, Rumboko L (2007) Forest rehabilitation in Indonesia: where to after three decades? Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
37. Njiti C, Sharpe D (1994) A goal-programming approach to the management of competition and conflict among land uses in the tropics: the Cameroon example. Ambio 23(2):112-19
38. Pokharel B, Branney P, Nurse M, Malla YB (2007) Community forestry: conserving forests, sustaining livelihoods and strengthening democracy. J Community For Livelihood 6(2):8-9
39. Potter MJ (1988) Tree shelter improved survival and increase early growth rates. J For 86(1):39-1
40. Sall PN (1996) Follow-up to support schemes for the afforestation, reforestation and recovery of forest systems, particularly in Africa: experience and opportunities in Africa South of Sahara, and most particularly in Sahel. Retrieved 7 Jan 2013 from www.agris.fao.org
41. Schreckenberg K, Degrande A, Mbosso C, Baboulé ZB, Boyd C, Enyong L, Kanmegne J, Ngong C (2002) The social and economic importance of Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) HJ Lam in Southern Cameroon.Forests. Trees and Livelihoods 12(1-2):15-0 CrossRef
42. Sendzimir J, Reij CP, Magnuszewski P (2011) Rebuilding resilience in the Sahel: regreening in the Maradi and Zinder regions of Niger. Ecol Soc 16(3):1
43. Sevink JF, Ebanga O, Meijer AJ (2004) Land-use related organic matter dynamics in north Cameroon soils assessed by 13C analysis of soil organic matter fraction. Eur J Soil Sci 56(1):103-11. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00649.x CrossRef
44. Simmons CS, Walker RT, Wood CH (2002) Tree planting by small producers in the tropics: a comparative study of Brazil and Panama. Agrofor Syst 56(2):89-05 CrossRef
45. Smith G (2003) Deliberative democracy and the environment. Routledge, New York
46. Spears JS (1983) Replenishing the world’s forests: tropical reforestation: an achievable goal? CommonW For Rev 6(3):201-17
47. Taylor F (1993) Forests and forestry in the Nepal Himalaya. Reflections from the banks of the river Niger, Downstream from Timbuctu. Mimeograph for USAID, Nepal
48. United Nations (2012) Un data, a world of information. United Nations Statistics Division www.data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=CAMEROON
49. Urgessa K (2003) Perceptions of forest cover and tree planting and ownership in Jimma Zone. Ethiop UnaSylva 54(2):18-2
50. Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenco J, Melillo JM (1997) Human domination of the Earth’s ecosystems. Science 277(5325):494-99 CrossRef
51. Walters BB (1997) Human ecological questions for tropical restoration: experiences from planting native upland trees and mangroves in the Philippines. For Ecol Manag 99(1-):275-90 CrossRef
52. White PT (1983) Nature’s dwindling treasures: rain forests. Natl Geogr Mag 163(1):12-8
53. Wylie FR, Johnston PJM (1984) Rural tree die back. Qld Agric J 110(1):3-
54. Zhang J, Tian G, Li Y, Lindstrom M (2002) Requirements for success in reforestation projects in a semiarid low-mountain region of the Jinsha River basin. Southwest China Land Degrad Dev 13(5):395-01. doi:10.1002/ldr.521 CrossRef
55. Zhao S, Peng C, Jiang DT, Lei X, Zhou X (2006) Land use change in Asia and ecological consequences. Ecol Res 21(6):890-96. doi:10.1007/s11284-006-0048-2 CrossRef - 作者单位：Epule Terence Epule (1)
Changhui Peng (1)
Laurent Lepage (1)
Zhi Chen (2)
1. Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Case postale 8888, Succ Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
2. Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, 1515 St Catherine West, Montreal, QC, H3G 2W1, Canada - ISSN：1873-7854
文摘
This study seeks to verify the perceptions of male and female respondents on the meaning and causes of success or failure in tree planting in public spaces and whether the specific projects were successful or failures. This was verified because the meaning and causes of success or failure in tree planting and whether a project is a success may have different meanings to different people in different parts of the world. This evaluation is motivated by the rising rates of tree planting failures recorded in Cameroon. Data were obtained through a focus group discussion, interviews with key informants, researcher’s observations and a survey. Statistical testing revealed that a major factor in success in tree planting is the active involvement of all stakeholders in the design, elaboration and implementation of the projects. A further factor is the diversification of livelihoods; when livelihoods are diversified the indigenes tend to have alternative income sources and reduced dependence on trees. To most respondents, the main criterion for judging success of a project is that trees grow to harvest age or become fully established.