Promoting seedling physiological performance and early establishment in degraded Mediterranean-type ecosystems

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Katinka X. Ruthrof ; Martin K.-F. Bader ; George Matusick ; Sonja Jakob…
• 关键词：Revegetation ; Nutrients ; Fertilizer ; Surfactant ; Restoration ; Rehabilitation
• 刊名：New Forests
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：May 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：47
• 期：3
• 页码：357-376
• 全文大小：909 KB
• 参考文献：Allen CD et al (2010) A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. For Ecol Manag 259:660–684. doi:10.​1016/​j.​foreco.​2009.​09.​001 CrossRef
  Allison SD, Gartner TB, Mack MC, McGuire K, Treseder K (2010) Nitrogen alters carbon dynamics during early succession in boreal forest. Soil Biol Biochem 42:1157–1164. doi:10.​1016/​j.​soilbio.​2010.​03.​026 CrossRef
  An SS, Huang YM, Zheng FL (2009) Evaluation of soil microbial indices along a revegetation chronosequence in grassland soils on the Loess Plateau, Northwest China. Appl Soil Ecol 41:286–292. doi:10.​1016/​j.​apsoil.​2008.​12.​001 CrossRef
  Archibald RD, Bradshaw J, Bowen BJ, Close DC, McCaw L, Drake PL, Hardy GES (2010) Understorey thinning and burning trials are needed in conservation reserves: the case of tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala D. C.). Ecol Manag Restor 11:108–112CrossRef
  Barbera GG, Martinez-Fernandez F, Alvarez-Rogel J, Albaladejo J, Castillo V (2005) Short- and intermediate-term effects of site and plant preparation techniques on reforestation of a Mediterranean semiarid ecosystem with Pinus halepensis Mill. N For 29:177–198
  Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2013) lme4: linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. R package. http://​CRAN.​R-project.​org/​package=​lme4
  Benayas JMR (1998) Growth and survival in Quercus ilex L. seedlings after irrigation and artificial shading on Mediterranean set-aside agricultural land. Ann Des Sci For 55:801–807CrossRef
  Benjamini Y, Yekutieli D (2001) The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency. Ann Stat 29:1165–1188CrossRef
  Bocio I, Navarro FB, Ripoll MA, Jimenez MN, De Simon E (2004) Holm oak (Quercus rotundifolia Lam.) and Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) response to different soil preparation techniques applied to forestation in abandoned farmland. Ann For Sci 61:171–178. doi:10.​1051/​forest:​2004009 CrossRef
  BOM (2012a) Rainfall for the busselton shire and mandurah. Bureau of meteorology. http://​www.​bom.​gov.​au . Accessed Jan 2012
  BOM (2012b) Monthly rainfall for Mandurah. Bureau of meterology. Accessed Jan 2012
  Castro J, Zamora R, Hodar JA, Gomez JM (2004a) Seedling establishment of a boreal tree species (Pinus sylvestris) at its southernmost distribution limit: consequences of being in a marginal Mediterranean habitat. J Ecol 92:266–277. doi:10.​1111/​j.​0022-0477.​2004.​00870.​x CrossRef
  Castro J, Zamora R, Hodar JA, Gomez JM, Gomez-Aparicio L (2004b) Benefits of using shrubs as nurse plants for reforestation in Mediterranean mountains: a 4-year study. Restor Ecol 12:352–358CrossRef
  Chaar H, Mechergui T, Khouaja A, Abid H (2008) Effects of treeshelters and polyethylene mulch sheets on survival and growth of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings planted in northwestern Tunisia. For Ecol Manag 256:722–731CrossRef
  Chen SP, Bai YF, Lin GH, Liang Y, Han XG (2005) Effects of grazing on photosynthetic characteristics of major steppe species in the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. Photosynthetica 46:559–565CrossRef
  Christensen PHB (2013) Ordinal—regression models for ordinal data. R package. http://​www.​cran.​r-project.​org/​package=​ordinal/​
  Clemente AS, Werner C, Maguas C, Cabral MS, Martins-Loucao MA, Correia O (2004) Restoration of a limestone quarry: effect of soil amendments on the establishment of native Mediterranean sclerophyllous shrubs. Restor Ecol 12:20–28CrossRef
  Close DC, Ruthrof KX, Turner S, Rokich DP, Dixon KW (2009) Ecophysiology of species with distinct leaf morphologies: effects of plastic and shadecloth tree guards. Restor Ecol 17:33–41. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1526-100X.​2007.​00330.​x CrossRef
  Cooke SJ, Suski CD (2008) Ecological restoration and physiology: an overdue integration. Bioscience 58:957–968. doi:10.​1641/​b581009 CrossRef
  Crombie DS (1997) Water relations of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) regeneration from the seedling to the mature tree and of stump coppice. For Ecol Manag 97:293–303. doi:10.​1016/​s0378-1127(97)00074-1 CrossRef
  de Dios VR, Fischer C, Colinas C (2007) Climate change effects on mediterranean forests and preventive measures. N For 33:29–40
  DEC (2007) Ludlow Tuart Forest Bemax Titanium minerals mine (216.0 ha) forest stratification report. Department of Environment and Conservation, Perth, Western Australia
  Dimitrakopoulos AP, Vlahou M, Anagnostopoulou CG, Mitsopoulos ID (2011) Impact of drought on wildland fires in Greece: implications of climatic change? Clim Change 109:331–347. doi:10.​1007/​s10584-011-0026-8 CrossRef
  Doerr SH, Shakesby RA, Walsh RPD (2000) Soil water repellency: its causes, characteristics and hydro-geomorphological significance. Earth Sci Rev 51:33–65. doi:10.​1016/​s0012-8252(00)00011-8 CrossRef
  Drake PL, Froend RH, Franks PJ (2011) Linking hydraulic conductivity and photosynthesis to water-source partitioning in trees versus seedlings. Tree Physiol 31:763–773. doi:10.​1093/​treephys/​tpr068 CrossRef PubMed
  Espelta JM, Retana J, Habrouk A (2003) An economic and ecological multi-criteria evaluation of reforestation methods to recover burned Pinus nigra forests in NE Spain. For Ecol Manag 180:185–198. doi:10.​1016/​s0378-1127(02)00599-6 CrossRef
  Fereidooni M, Raiesi F, Fallah S (2013) Ecological restoration of soil respiration, microbial biomass and enzyme activities through broiler litter application in a calcareous soil cropped with silage maize. Ecol Eng 58:266–277. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ecoleng.​2013.​06.​032 CrossRef
  Fleming RL, Black TA, Adams RS (1996) Site preparation effects on Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine water relations following planting in a pinegrass-dominated clearcut. For Ecol Manag 83:47–60. doi:10.​1016/​0378-1127(95)03701-2 CrossRef
  Franks PJ, Drake PL, Froend RH (2007) Anisohydric but isohydrodynamic: seasonally constant plant water potential gradient explained by a stomatal control mechanism incorporating variable plant hydraulic conductance. Plant Cell Environ 30:19–30. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1365-3040.​01600.​x CrossRef PubMed
  Gomez-Aparicio L, Zamora R, Gomez JM, Hodar JA, Castro J, Baraza E (2004) Applying plant facilitation to forest restoration: a meta-analysis of the use of shrubs as nurse plants. Ecol Appl 14:1128–1138CrossRef
  Gozzard JR, Mouritz MJ (1989) Mineral resources and mining of the spearwood and bassendean dune systems. J R Soc West Aust 71:109–110
  Grigg A, Close DC, Lambers H, Ruthrof KX, Dixon KW (2009) Ecophysiology of Eucalyptus marginata and Corymbia calophylla in decline in an urban parkland. Aust Ecol 34:499–507. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1442-9993.​2009.​01950.​x CrossRef
  Harris JA (2003) Measurements of the soil microbial community for estimating the success of restoration. Eur J Soil Sci 54:801–808. doi:10.​1046/​j.​1365-2389.​2003.​00559.​x CrossRef
  Heberle G (1997) Timber harvesting of Crown land in the South-West of Western Australia: an historical review with maps. Calm Sci 2:103–224
  Hobbs RJ, Norton DA (1996) Towards a conceptual framework for restoration ecology. Restor Ecol 4:93–110CrossRef
  Hothorn T, Bretz F, Westfall P (2008) Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biom J 50:346–363CrossRef PubMed
  Kaye JP, Hart SC (1998) Restoration and canopy-type effects on soil respiration in a ponderosa pine-bunchgrass ecosystem. Soil Sci Soc Am J 62:1062–1072CrossRef
  Klausmeyer K, Shaw MR (2009) Climate change, habitat loss, protected areas and the climate adaptation potential of species in Mediterranean ecosystems worldwide. PLoS One 4:1–9CrossRef
  Koch JM, Samsa GP (2007) Restoring Jarrah forest trees after bauxite mining in Western Australia. Restor Ecol 15:S17–S25CrossRef
  Lambers H, Brundrett M, Raven JA, Hopper SD (2010) Plant mineral nutrition in ancient landscapes: high plant species diversity on infertile soils is linked to functional diversity for nutritional strategies. Plant Soil 334:11–31CrossRef
  Larcher W (2003) Physiological plant ecology: ecophysiology and stress physiology of functional groups, 4th edn. Springer, New YorkCrossRef
  Laurance WF et al (2011) The 10 Australian ecosystems most vulnerable to tipping points. Biol Conserv 144:1472–1480. doi:10.​1016/​j.​biocon.​2011.​01.​016 CrossRef
  Letey J (2001) Causes and consequences of fire-induced soil water repellency. Hydrol Process 15:2867–2875. doi:10.​1002/​hyp.​378 CrossRef
  Li J, Duggin JA, Grant CD, Loneragan WA (2003) Germination and early survival of Eucalyptus blakelyi in grasslands of the New England Tablelands, NSW, Australia. For Ecol Manage 173:319–334CrossRef
  Lindner M et al (2009) Climate change impacts, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability of European forest ecosystems. For Ecol Manag 259:698–709CrossRef
  Lloret F, Casanovas C, Penuelas J (1999) Seedling survival of Mediterranean shrubland species in relation to root: shoot ratio, seed size and water and nitrogen use. Funct Ecol 13:210–216. doi:10.​1046/​j.​1365-2435.​1999.​00309.​x CrossRef
  Lof M, Dey DC, Navarro RM, Jacobs DF (2012) Mechanical site preparation for forest restoration. N For 43:825–848. doi:10.​1007/​s11056-012-9332-x
  Madsen MD, Kostka SJ, Inouye AL, Zvirzdin DL (2012a) Postfire restoration of soil hydrology and wildland vegetation using surfactant seed coating technology. Rangel Ecol Manag 65:253–259. doi:10.​2111/​rem-d-11-00083.​1 CrossRef
  Madsen MD, Petersen SL, Fernelius KJ, Roundy BA, Taylor AG, Hopkins BG (2012b) Influence of soil water repellency on seedling emergence and plant survival in a burned semi-arid woodland. Arid Land Res Manag 26:236–249. doi:10.​1080/​15324982.​2012.​680655 CrossRef
  Manning AD, Fischer J, Lindenmayer DB (2006) Scattered trees are keystone structures—implications for conservation. Biol Conserv 132:311–321CrossRef
  Matusick G, Ruthrof KX, Hardy G (2012) Drought and heat triggers sudden and severe dieback in a dominant mediterranean-type woodland species. Open J For 2:183–186
  Matusick G, Ruthrof KX, Brouwers N, Dell B, Hardy G (2013) Sudden forest canopy collapse corresponding with extreme drought and heat in a mediterranean-type forest in southwestern Australia. Eur J For Res 132(3):497–510CrossRef
  McArthur WM (1991) Reference soils of South-Western Australia. Department of Agriculture, Perth, Western Australia
  McArthur WM, Bettenay E (1974) The development and distribution of soils on the Swan Coastal Plain. Western Australia, CSIRO, Melbourne
  Oliet JA, Planelles R, Artero F, Jacobs DF (2005) Nursery fertilization and tree shelters affect long-term field response of Acacia salicina Lindl. planted in Mediterranean semiarid conditions. For Ecol Manage 215:339–351CrossRef
  Oliet JA, Planelles R, Artero F, Valverde R, Jacobs DF, Segura ML (2009) Field performance of Pinus halepensis planted in Mediterranean arid conditions: relative influence of seedling morphology and mineral nutrition. N For 37:313–331
  Palacios G, Cerrillo RMN, del Campo A, Toral M (2009) Site preparation, stock quality and planting date effect on early establishment of Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) seedlings. Ecol Eng 35:38–46. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ecoleng.​2008.​09.​006 CrossRef
  Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy S, Sarkar D, Team RC (2013) nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. R package. http://​CRAN.​R-project.​org/​package=​nlme
  Portlock C, Koch A, Wood S, Hanly P, Dutton S (1995) Yalgorup national park management plan 1995–2005. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth, Western Australia
  Roberts F, Carbon B (1972) Water repellence in sandy soils of South-Western Australia. II. Some chemical characteristics of the hydrophobic skins. Soil Res 10:35–42. doi:10.​1071/​SR9720035 CrossRef
  Rood SB, Braatne JH, Hughes FMR (2003) Ecophysiology of riparian cottonwoods: stream flow dependency, water relations and restoration. Tree Physiol 23:1113–1124CrossRef PubMed
  Ruthrof KX (1997) Improving the success of limestone quarry revegetation. Cave Karst Sci 24:111–120
  Ruthrof KX (2003) Seedling survival, growth and health of Eucalyptus gomphocephala (Tuart) seedlings in Yalgorup National Park. Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Perth
  Ruthrof KX, Douglas TK, Calver MC, Barber PA, Dell B, Hardy GES (2010) Restoration treatments improve seedling establishment in a degraded Mediterranean-type Eucalyptus ecosystem. Aust J Bot 58:646–655. doi:10.​1071/​bt10211 CrossRef
  Ruthrof KX, Douglas TK, Calver MC, Craig MD, Dell B, Hardy G (2012) The efficacy of soil ameliorants to improve early establishment in trees and shrubs in degraded Eucalyptus gomphocephala woodlands. Pac Conserv Biol 18:310–318
  Ruthrof KX, Fontaine JB, Buizer M, Matusick G, McHenry MP, Hardy GES (2013a) Linking restoration outcomes with mechanism: the role of site preparation, fertilisation and revegetation timing relative to soil density and water content. Plant Ecol 214:987–998. doi:10.​1007/​s11258-013-0224-8 CrossRef
  Ruthrof KX, Renton M, Dixon K (2013b) Overcoming restoration thresholds and increasing revegetation success for a range of canopy species in a degraded urban Mediterranean-type woodland ecosystem. Aust J Bot 61:139–147. doi:10.​1071/​bt12297 CrossRef
  Savill P, Evan J, Auclair D, Falck J (1997) Plantation silviculture in Europe. Oxford University Press, Oxford
  Standish RJ, Fontaine JB, Harris RJ, Stock WD, Hobbs RJ (2012) Interactive effects of altered rainfall and simulated nitrogen deposition on seedling establishment in a global biodiversity hotspot. Oikos 121:2014–2025. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1600-0706.​2012.​20553.​x CrossRef
  Thea S, Ruthrof KX, Dell B (2011) Seed and seedling responses to inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and root nodule bacteria: implications for restoration of degraded Mediterranean-type Tuart woodlands. Ecol Manag Restor 12:157–160CrossRef
  Treseder KK, Allen MF (2000) Mycorrhizal fungi have a potential role in soil carbon storage under elevated CO2 and nitrogen deposition. N Phytol 147:189–200. doi:10.​1046/​j.​1469-8137.​2000.​00690.​x CrossRef
  Tsakaldimi M, Zagas T, Tsitsoni T, Ganatsas P (2005) Root morphology, stem growth and field performance of seedlings of two Mediterranean evergreen oak species raised in different container types. Plant Soil 278:85–93CrossRef
  Vallejo R, Aronson J, Pausas JC, Cortina J (2006) Restoration of Mediterranean woodlands. Restoration ecology. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA
  Verdaguer D, Vilagran J, Lloansi S, Fleck I (2011) Morphological and physiological acclimation of Quercus coccifera L. seedlings to water availability and growing medium. N For 42:363–381. doi:10.​1007/​s11056-011-9257-9
  Vilagrosa A, Cortina J, Rubio E, Trubat R, Chirino E, Gil-Pelegrin E, Vallejo VR (2005) The role of ecophysiology in reforestation Investigacion Agraria. Sistemas y Recursos Forestales 14:446–461CrossRef
  Yates CJ, Hobbs RJ, Atkins I (2000) Establishment of perennial shrub and tree species in degraded Eucalyptus salmonophloia (Salmon gum) remnant woodlands: effects of restoration treatments. Restor Ecol 8:135–143CrossRef
  Yates CJ, McNeill A, Elith J, Midgley GF (2010) Assessing the impacts of climate change and land transformation on Banksia in the South West Australian Floristic region. Divers Distrib 16:187–201. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1472-4642.​2009.​00623.​x CrossRef
  Yelenik SG, Stock WD, Richardson DM (2004) Ecosystem level impacts of invasive Acacia saligna in the South African fynbos. Restor Ecol 12:44–51. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1061-2971.​2004.​00289.​x CrossRef
  Zuur AF, Ieno EN, Walker NJ, Saveliev AA, Smith GM (2009) Mixed effects models and extensions in ecology with R. Springer, New YorkCrossRef
  
• 作者单位：Katinka X. Ruthrof (1)
  Martin K.-F. Bader (1) (2)
  George Matusick (1) (3)
  Sonja Jakob (1) (4)
  Giles E. St. J. Hardy (1)
  
  1. Centre of Excellence for Climate Change, Woodland and Forest Health, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia
  2. New Zealand Forest Research Institute (SCION), Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, 3046, New Zealand
  3. The Nature Conservancy, Georgia Chapter, Chattahoochee Fall Line Conservation Office, Fort Benning, GA, 31905, USA
  4. Western Australian State Centre of Excellence for Climate Change, Woodland and Forest Health, School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
  
• 刊物类别：Biomedical and Life Sciences
• 刊物主题：Life Sciences
  Forestry
  
• 出版者：Springer Netherlands
• ISSN：1573-5095

文摘

Mediterranean climate ecosystems (MCEs) are amongst the most heavily degraded ecosystems worldwide. Restoration efforts are challenged by high vulnerability to extreme drought, which is projected to become more frequent with future climate change. The aim of our study was to determine whether restoration efforts could be enhanced through the individual and combined effects of the site preparation technique of soil ripping and the addition of fertilisers. We tested the effects of ripping and fertiliser (±surfactant) on survival, shoot height, crown health, root biomass and leaf physiology of Eucalyptus gomphocephala seedlings in degraded MCEs in Western Australia. Restoration treatments had a much stronger impact under closed canopy (forest) compared to open canopy (woodland) conditions. In the forest, soil ripping doubled seedling survival and together with fertiliser application enhanced shoot height 2.35-fold relative to control seedlings. Ripping resulted in more favourable leaf water potentials and enhanced stomatal conductance suggesting increased water availability compared to unripped soil. In the woodland, fertilisation improved seedling survival and stimulated shoot height (+45 %) and root biomass (>2-fold). Our results demonstrate that restoration techniques targeting the co-limitation by water and nutrients can greatly increase chances of successful restoration in these types of ecosystems.