文摘
Doolittle (Biol Philos 28(2):351–378, 2013) and Ereshefsky and Pedroso (Proc Natl Acad Sci 112:10126–10132, 2013) argue that selection can act at the level of biofilms and other microbial communities. Clarke (Biol Philos 191–212, 2016) is skeptical and argues that selection acts on microbial cells rather than microbial communities. Her main criticism is that biofilms lack one of the ingredients required for selection to operate: heritability. This paper replies to her concern by elaborating how biofilm-level traits can be inheritable