A Comparative Analysis of the Microfabrics of Surface Horizons and Desert Varnish in Extremely Arid Soils of the Mojave (USA) and Trans-Altai Gobi (Mongolia) Deserts

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：M. P. Lebedeva ; V. A. Shishkov
• 关键词：micromorphological and electron microscopic diagnostics ; modern and relict soil ; forming processes
• 刊名：Eurasian Soil Science
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：February 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：49
• 期：2
• 页码：163-179
• 全文大小：4,933 KB
• 参考文献：1.Yu. G. Geltser, “Parameters of biological activity in soil studies,” Pochvovedenie, No. 9, 47–60 (1990).
  2.M. A. Glazovskaya, “Biogeochemical weathering of andesitic volcanic rocks in subantarctic periglacial conditions,” Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Geogr., No. 3, 39–48 (2002).
  3.M. A. Glazovskaya and I. A. Gorbunova, “Polygenesis of arid soils in Central Asia and Kazakhstan,” Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Geogr., No. 2, 36–42 (2003).
  4.D. L. Golovanov, M. F. Dorokhova, M. P. Lebedeva-Verba, and A. I. Slobodkin, “Micromorphological and microbiological characterization of elementary soilforming processes in desert soils of Mongolia,” Eurasian Soil Sci. 38 (12), 1290–1300 (2005).
  5.S. V. Gubin, “Micromorphological diagnostics of brown and gray
  own soils of Northern Ustyurt,” in Nature, Soils, and Problems of Exploration of the Ustyurt Desert (Pushchino, 1984), pp. 127–134.
  6.P. D. Gunin, Ecology of Desertification of Arid Ecosystems (Izd. VASKHNiL, Moscow, 1990) [in Russian].
  7.Yu. G. Evstifeev, “Soils of extreme arid regions of the People’s Republic of Mongolia,” in The Fifth Delegate Congress of the All-Union Society of Soil Scientists, Abstracts of Papers (Minsk, 1977), No. 6, pp. 172–175.
  8.Yu. G. Evstifeev, “Extreme arid soils of Gobi,” Probl. Osvoeniya Pustyn’, No. 2, 20–30 (1980).
  9.A. N. Zolotokrylin, Climate-Depending Desertification (Nauka, Moscow, 2003) [in Russian].
  10. Classification and Diagnostic System of Russian Soils (Oikumena, Smolensk, 2004) [in Russian].
  11.M. P. Lebedeva, Author’s Abstract of Doctoral Dissertation in Agriculture (Moscow, 2012).
  12.M. P. Lebedeva-Verba and M. I. Gerasimova, “Micromorphology of takyrs and the desert “Papyrus” of southwestern Turkmenia,” Eurasian Soil Sci. 43 (11), 1220–1229 (2010). doi: 10.1134/S1064229310110049CrossRef
  13.M. P. Lebedeva, M. I. Gerasimova, D. L. Golovanov, and I. A. Yamnova, “Extremely arid soils of the Ili Depression in Kazakhstan,” Eurasian Soil Sci. 48 (1), 11–26 (2015). doi: 10.1134/S1064229315010123CrossRef
  14.M. P. Lebedeva-Verba, D. L. Golovanov, and S. A. Inozemtsev, “Microfabrics of desert soils of Mongolia,” Eurasian Soil Sci. 42 (11), 1204–1217 (2009). doi: 10.1134/S1064229309110027CrossRef
  15.E. V. Lobova, Desert Soils of the Soviet Union (Nauka, Moscow, 1960) [in Russian].
  16.N. S. Mergelov, S. V. Goryachkin, I. G. Shorkunov, E. P. Zazovskaya, and A. E. Cherkinsky, “Endolithic pedogenesis and rock varnish on massive crystalline rocks in East Antarctica,” Eurasian Soil Sci. 45 (10), 901–917 (2012). doi: 10.1134/S1064229312100067CrossRef
  17.E. I. Pankova, Genesis of Salinization of Desert Soils (All-Union V.I. Lenin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Moscow, 1992) [in Russian].
  18.E. I. Pankova and M. I. Gerasimova, “Desert soils: properties, pedogenic processes, and classification,” Arid Ecosyst. 2 (2), 69–77 (2012).CrossRef
  19.B. B. Polynov, “First stages of soil-formation on massive crystalline rocks,” Pochvovedenie, No. 7, 327–339 (1945).
  20.N. P. Chizhikova, Yu. G. Evstifeev, and E. I. Pankova, “Mineralogical composition of the silt fraction of desert soils of Mongolia,” Pochvovedenie, No. 8, 44–54 (1988).
  21.W. H. Blackburn, “Factors influencing infiltration and sediment production of semiarid rangelands in Nevada,” Water Resour. Res. 11, 929–937 (1975).CrossRef
  22.C. Darwin, “Bahia-Brazil. Habits of a Diodon,” in The Voyage of the Beagle: Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited During the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle Round the World (Murray, London, 1887), pp. 12–13.
  23.R. I. Dorn, “Desert rock coatings,” in Geomorphology of Desert Environments, Ed. by A. J. Parsons and A. D. Abrahams (Springer-Verlag, New York, 2009), pp. 153–186. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5719-9_710.1007/978-1-4020-5719-9_7CrossRef
  24.R. I. Dorn and T. M. Oberlander, “Microbial origin of desert varnish,” Science 213, 1245–1247 (1981).CrossRef
  25.H. E. Dregne, “Soils of arid regions,” Dev. Soil Sci. 6, 237 (1976).
  26.FAO-UNESCO Soil Map of the World (Revised Legend), FAO World Soil Resources Report No. 60 (Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, 1988).
  27.H. Figuera and G. Stoops, “Application of micromorphometric techniques to the experimental study of vesicular layer formation,” Pedologie (Gent) 33, 77–89 (1983).
  28.E. I. Friedmann and R. Weed, “Microbial trace-fossil formation, biogenous, and abiotic weathering in the Antarctic cold desert,” Science 236, 703–705 (1987).CrossRef
  29.M. Gerasimova and M. Lebedeva-Verba, “Topsoils–mollic, takyric, and yermic horizons,” in Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths, Ed. by G. Stoops, V. Marcelino, and F. Mees (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2010), Vol. 16, pp. 351–368.CrossRef
  30.D. H. Krinsley, R. I. Dorn, and N. K. Tovey, “Nanometerscale layering in rock varnish: implications for genesis and paleoenvironmental interpretation,” J. Geology 103, 106–113 (1995).CrossRef
  31.W. E. Krumbein and K. Jens, “Biogenic rock varnishes of the Nergev Desert (Israel): an ecological study of iron and manganese transformation by cyanobacteria and fungi,” Oecologia (Berlin) 276, 489–491 (1981).
  32.M. Lebedeva (Verba) and O. Kutovaya, “Fabric of topsoil horizons in aridic soils of Central Asia,” Span. J. Soil Sci. 3 (3), 148–168 (2013).
  33.M. Lebedeva, “Takyr fabric–a key for understanding the relationship between pedogenic and lithogenic processes,” in International Soil Science Conference “Soil in Space and Time,” Book of Abstracts (Ulm, Germany: University of Ulm, 2013), pp. 8–9.
  34.T. Liu and W. S. Broecker, “Rock varnish microlamination dating of Late Quaternary geomorphic features in the drylands of the western USA,” Geomophology 93, 501–523 (2008).CrossRef
  35.E. V. McDonald, “Informal soil field trip guide,” in INQUA Project RAISIN Workshop Panamint Valley (Panamint Valley, 2014).
  36.E. V. McDonald, J. L. Antinao, and J. Gosse, “Informal soil field trip guide,” in INQUA Project RAISIN Workshop Providence Mountains (Panamint Valley, 2014), p. 21.
  37.E. V. McDonald, Ph.D. Dissertation (University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 1994).
  38.L. D. McFadden, E. V. McDonald, S. G. Wells, K. Anderson, J. Quade, and S. L. Forman, “The vesicular layer and carbonate collars of desert soils and pavements: formation, age, and relation to climate change,” Geomorphology 24, 101–145 (1998). doi: 10.1016/SO169-555X(97)00095-0CrossRef
  39.L. D. McFadden, S. G. Wells, and J. C. Dohrenwend, “Influences of Quaternary climatic changes on processes of soil development on desert loess deposits of the Cima Volcanic Field. California,” Catena 13, 361–389 (1986). doi: doi 10.1016/0341-8162(86)60010-xCrossRef
  40.L. D. McFadden, S. G. Wells, and M. J. Jercinovich, “Influences of aeolian and pedogenic processes on the origin and evolution of desert pavements,” Geology 15 (6), 504–508 (1987). doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<504:IOEAPP>2.0.CO;2CrossRef
  41.D. A. McKeown and J. E. Post, “Characterization of manganese oxide mineralogy in rock varnish and dendrites using X-ray absorption spectroscopy,” Am. Mineral. 86, 701–713 (2001).CrossRef
  42.F. Mees and A. Singer, “Surface crusts on soils/sediments of the southern Aral Sea basin, Uzbekistan,” Geoderma 136, 152–159 (2006).CrossRef
  43.D. M. Miller, “Formation of vesicular structure in soil,” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 35, 635–637 (1971). doi: 10.2136/sssaj1971.0361599003500040042xCrossRef
  44.L. D. Norton, “Micromorphological study of surface seals developed under simulated rainfall,” Geoderma 40, 127–140 (1987).CrossRef
  45.M. Pagliai and G. Stoops, “Physical and biological surface crust. Crusts and seals,” in Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths, Ed. by G. Stoops et al. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2010), pp. 419–440.CrossRef
  46.R. S. Perry and J. B. Adams, “Desert varnish: evidence for cyclic deposition of manganese,” Nature 276, 489–491 (1978).CrossRef
  47.R. S. Perry and V. M. Kolb, “Biological and organic constituents of desert varnish: review and new hypotheses,” in The VII Conference of Society of Photographic Instrumentation Engineers “Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology for Astrobiology” (Society of Photographic Instrumentation Engineers, Bellingham, WA, 2003), Vol. 5163, pp. 202–217 (2003).
  48.R. S. Perry, B. Y. Lynne, M. Sephton, V. M. Kolb, C. C. Perry, and J. T. Staley, “Baking black opal in the desert sun: the importance of silica in desert varnish,” Geology 34, 537–540 (2006).CrossRef
  49.F. F. Peterson, “Holocene desert soil formation under sodium-salt influence in a playa-margin environment,” Quat. Res. 13, 172–186 (1980). doi: 10.1016/0033-5894(80)90027-7CrossRef
  50.R. M. Potter and G. R. Rossman, “Desert varnish: the importance of clay minerals,” Science 196 (4297), 1446–1448 (1977).CrossRef
  51.R. M. Potter and G. R. Rossman, “The manganese and iron oxide mineralogy of desert varnish,” Chem. Geol. 25, 79–94 (1979).CrossRef
  52.A. M. Rossi, M.S. Thesis (University of California, Riverside, 2009).
  53.D. S. Shafer, M. H. Young, S. F. Zitzer, T. G. Caldwell, and E. V. McDonald, “Impacts of interrelated biotic and abiotic processes during the past 125 000 years of landscape evolution in the Northern Mojave Desert, Nevada, USA,” J. Arid Environ. 69, 633–657 (2007). doi: doi 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.11.011CrossRef
  54.M. E. Springer, “Desert pavement and vesicular layer of some soils of the desert of the Lahontan Basin, Nevada,” Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 22, 63–66 (1958). doi: doi 10.2136/sssaj1958.03615995002200010017xCrossRef
  55.G. Stoops, Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Section (Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, Wisconsin, 2003), p. 184.
  56.L. A. Sullivan and A. J. Koppi, “Morphology and genesis of silt and clay coatings in the vesicular layer of a desert loam soil,” Austral. J. Soil Res. 19, 5579–5586 (1991).
  57.S. Taylor-George, F. Palmer, J. T. Staley, D. J. Borns, B. Curtiss, and J.B. Adams, “Fungi and bacteria involved in desert varnish formation,” Microb. Ecol. 9, 227–245 (1983).CrossRef
  58.K. J. Turk and C. R. Graham, “Distribution and properties of vesicular horizons in the Western United States,” Pedology (Gent) 75 (4), 1449–1461 (2011).
  59.B. van Vliet-Lanoe, “Frost action,” in Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths, Ed. by G. Stoops, et al. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2010), pp. 81–108.CrossRef
  60.Y. A. Wood, R. C. Graham, and S. G. Wells, “Surface control of desert pavement pedologic process and landscape function, Cima Volcanic field, Mojave Desert, California,” Catena 59, 205–230 (2005).CrossRef
  61. World Reference Base for Soil Resources, International Soil Classification System (International Union of Soil Sciences/Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, 2014), p. 190.
  62.M. Yonovitz and P. J. Drohan, “Pore morphology characteristics of vesicular horizons in undisturbed and disturbed arid soils; implications for arid land management,” Soil Use Manage. 25, 293–302 (2009). doi: 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00225.xCrossRef
  
• 作者单位：M. P. Lebedeva (1) (2)
  V. A. Shishkov (1)
  
  1. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, per. Pyzhevskii 7, Moscow, 119017, Russia
  2. Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, per. Staromonetnyi 29, Moscow, 119017, Russia
  
• 刊物主题：Geotechnical Engineering & Applied Earth Sciences;
• 出版者：Springer US
• ISSN：1556-195X

文摘

The mineralogical composition of coarse fraction and characteristic features of the micro- and submicrofabrics and chemical composition of desert varnish on gravels of desert pavements and the underlying vesicular crust soil horizons were studied in the extremely arid soils of the Mojave (USA) and Trans-Altai Gobi (Mongolia) deserts. A set of common diagnostic features of elementary pedogenetic processes was identified in the automorphic desert soils developed on ancient (70–90 ka) piedmont plains composed of alluvial deposits with the high content of red-earth clay. The results of this study attest to the long and complicated history of the extremely arid soils with alternation of the humid and arid phases of pedogenesis reflected in a specific combination of textural (clay-illuvial) and carbonate pedofeatures and in the distribution patterns of iron, manganese, titanium, and barium in different layers of the desert varnish. The chemical composition of the latter did not depend on the mineralogical composition of the underlying substrates and was formed with active participation of soil microorganisms. This allowed us to conclude about the polygenetic (accretionary–microbiological) nature of desert varnish.