文摘
Secondary fungal metabolites (mycotoxins) in 22 lichen species of the families Parmeliaceae, Nephromataceae, Umbilicariaceae, Ramalinaceae, Cladoniaceae, Peltigeraceae, and Teloschistaceae were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The following mycotoxins were found in these lichens in a broad concentration range with a frequency of 70鈥?00%: sterigmatocystin (7鈥?090 ng/g), alternariol (20鈥?460 ng/g), and emodin (45鈥?4500 ng/g). Mycophenolic acid frequently occurred in 19 lichen species; citrinin, in 17 species; diacetoxyscirpenol, in 11 species; cyclopiazonic acid, in 10 species; and zearalenone, in 9 species. PR toxin was regularly detected in three lichen species; deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, and ochratoxin A, in two species; and T-2 toxin and ergot alkaloids, in one species. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in only six species with a frequency of 2鈥?2%, whereas roridin A was present in 10% of Hypogymnia physodes samples.