The effects of the host-substrate properties on maar-diatreme volcanoes: experimental evidence

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• 作者：Élodie Macorps ; Alison H. Graettinger ; Greg A. Valentine…
• 关键词：Maar ; Diatreme ; Substrate ; Crater ; Morphology ; Phreatomagmatic
• 刊名：Bulletin of Volcanology
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：April 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：78
• 期：4
• 全文大小：1,859 KB
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• 作者单位：Élodie Macorps (1)
  Alison H. Graettinger (2)
  Greg A. Valentine (2)
  Pierre-Simon Ross (3)
  James D. L. White (4)
  Ingo Sonder (2)
  
  1. School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
  2. Department of Geology and Center for Geohazard Studies, State University of New York at Buffalo, 411 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
  3. Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada
  4. Geology Department, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 3054, New Zealand
  
• 刊物主题：Geology; Geophysics/Geodesy; Mineralogy; Sedimentology;
• 出版者：Springer Berlin Heidelberg
• ISSN：1432-0819

文摘

While the relationship between the host-substrate properties and the formation of maar-diatreme volcanoes have been investigated in the past, it remains poorly understood. In order to establish the effects of the qualitative host-substrate properties on crater depth, diameter, morphological features, and sub-surface structures, we present a comparison of four campaigns of experiments that used small chemical explosives buried in various geological media to simulate the formation of maar-diatremes. Previous results from these experiments have shown that primary variations in craters and sub-surface structures are related to the scaled depth (physical depth divided by cube root of blast energy). Our study reveals that single explosions at optimal scaled depths in stronger host materials create the largest and deepest craters with steep walls and the highest crater rims. For single explosions at deeper than optimal scaled depths, the influence of material strength is less obvious and non-linear for crater depth, and non-existent for crater diameter, within the range of the experiments. For secondary and tertiary blasts, there are no apparent relationships between the material properties and the crater parameters. Instead, the presence of pre-existing craters influences the crater evolution. A general weakening of the materials after successive explosions can be observed, suggesting a possible decrease in the host-substrate influence even at optimal scaled depth. The results suggest that the influence of the host-substrate properties is important only in the early stage of a maar-diatreme (neglecting post-eruptive slumping into the open crater) and decreases as explosion numbers increase. Since maar-diatremes reflect eruptive histories that involve tens to hundreds of individual explosions, the influence of initial substrate properties on initial crater processes could potentially be completely lost in a natural system.