Basaltic maar-diatreme volcanism in the Lower Carboniferous of the Limerick Basin (SW Ireland)

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：H. A. L. Elliott ; T. M. Gernon ; S. Roberts ; C. Hewson
• 关键词：Maar ; diatremes ; Phreatomagmatic ; Lower Carboniferous ; Shallow marine environment
• 刊名：Bulletin of Volcanology
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：May 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：77
• 期：5
• 全文大小：7,714 KB
• 参考文献：Allen SR, Fiske RS, Cashman KV (2008) Quenching of steam-charged pumice: Implications for submarine pyroclastic volcanism. Earth Planet Sci Lett 274(1):40–49CrossRef
  Aranda-Gómez J, Luhr JF (1996) Origin of the Joya Honda maar, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 74:1–18CrossRef
  Ashby DF (1939) The geological succession and petrology of the Lower Carboniferous volcanic area of Co. Limerick. Proc Geol Assoc 50:324–330
  Banks DA, Boyce AJ, Samson IM (2002) Constraints on the origins of fluids forming Irish Zn-Pb-Ba deposits: Evidence from the composition of fluid inclusions. Econ Geol 97:471–480CrossRef
  Brand BD, Clarke AB (2009) The architecture, eruptive history, and evolution of the Table Rock Complex, Oregon: from a Surtseyan to an energetic maar eruption. Volcanol Geotherm Res 180:203–224CrossRef
  Branney MJ, Kokelaar P (2002) Pyroclastic density of ignimbrites. Geological Society, London. Special Publications No 27
  Brown RJ, Field M, Gernon TM, Gilbertson M, Sparks RSJ (2008b) Problems with an in-vent column collapse model for the emplacement of massive volcaniclastic kimberlite. A discussion of ’In-vent column collapse as an alternative model for massive volcaniclastic kimberlite emplacement: an example from the Fox kimberlite, Ekati Diamond Mine, NWT, Canada’ by Porritt et al. [J Volcanol Geotherm Res 174, 90–102]. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 178:847–850CrossRef
  Brown RJ, Gernon T, Stiefenhofer J, Field M (2008a) Geological constraints on the eruption of the Jwaneng Centre kimberlite pipe, Botswana. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 174:195–208CrossRef
  Calvari S, Tanner LH (2011) The Miocene Costa Giardini diatreme, Iblean Mountains, southern Italy: Model for maar-diatreme formation on a submerged carbonate platform. Bull Volcanol 73:557–576CrossRef
  Cas RAF, Wright JV (1988) Volcanic successions: Modern and ancient, 2nd edn. Unwin Hyman Ltd, London
  Cas RAF, Porrit L., Pittari A, Hayman P (2008) A new approach to kimberlite facies terminology using a revised general approach to the nomenclature of all volcanic rocks and deposits: Descriptive to genetic. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 174:226–240CrossRef
  Cas RAF , Wright JV (1991) Subaqueous pyroclastic flows and ignimbrites: an assessment. Bull Volcanol 53:357–380CrossRef
  Davies AGS, Cooke DR, Gemmell JB, Simpson KA (2008) Diatreme breccias at the Kelian gold mine, Kalimantan, Indonesia: precursors to epithermal gold mineralization. Econ Geol 103:689–716CrossRef
  Delpit S, Ross P-S, Hearn BC (2014) Deep-bedded ultramafic diatremes in the Missouri River Breaks volcanic field, Montana, USA: 1 km of syn-eruptive subsidence. Bull Volcanol 76:832–854CrossRef
  Field M, Scott Smith B (1999) Contrasting geology and near-surface emplacement of kimberlite pipes in Southern Africa and Canada. In: Gurney JJ, Gurney ML, Pascoe MD, Richardson SH (eds) Proceedings of the VII th International Kimberlite Conference, vol 1, pp 214–237
  Fisher RV (1961) Proposed classification of volcaniclastic sediments and rocks. Geol Soc Am Bull 72:1409–1414CrossRef
  Fisher RV, Waters AC (1970) Base surge bed forms in maar volcanoes. Am J Sci 268:157–180CrossRef
  Fisher RV (1984) Pyroclastic rocks. Springer-Verlag, Berlin HeidelbergCrossRef
  Fiske RS, Cashman KV, Shibata A, Watanabe K (1998) Tephra dispersal from Myojinsho, Japan, during its shallow submarine eruption of 1952-1953. Bull Volcanol 59:262–275CrossRef
  Francis EH (1970) Bedding in Scottish (Fifeshire) tuff-pipes and its relevance to maars and calderas. Bull Volcanol 34:697–712CrossRef
  Gallagher SJ, Somerville ID (2003) Lower Carboniferous (Late Visèan) platform development and cyclicity in Southern Ireland: foraminiferal biofacies and lithofacies evidence. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 109:159–171
  Geikie A (1897) The ancient volcanoes of Great Britain. Vol. 1 and 2. McMilland & Co.
  Gernon T, Brown RJ, Tait MA, Hincks TK (2012) The origin of pelletal lapilli in explosive kimberlite eruptions. Nat Commun 3:1–7CrossRef
  Gernon TM, Field M., Sparks RSJ (2009a) Depositional processes in a kimberlite crater: the Upper Cretaceous Orapa South Pipe (Botswana). Sedimentology 56:623–643CrossRef
  Gernon TM, Gilbertson MA, Sparks RSJ, Field M (2008) Gas-fluidisation in an experimental tapered bed: Insights into processes in diverging volcanic conduits. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 174:49–56CrossRef
  Gernon TM, Gilbertson MA, Sparks RSJ, Field M (2009b) The role of gas-fluidisation in the formation of massive volcaniclastic kimberlite. Lithos 112, Supplement 1:439–451
  Gernon TM, Upton BGJ, Hincks TK (2013) Eruptive history of an alkali basaltic diatreme from Elie Ness, Fife, Scotland. Bull Volcanol 75:704–724CrossRef
  Graettinger AH, Valentine GA, Sonder I, Ross P-S, White JDL, Taddeucci J (2014) Maar-diatreme geometry and deposits: Subsurface blast experiments with variable explosion depth. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 15:740–764CrossRef
  Gregg TKP, Fink JH (1995) Quantification of submarine lava-flow morphology through analog experiments. Geology 23:73–76CrossRef
  Griffiths RW (1992) Solidification and morphology of submarine lavas: a dependence on extrusion rate. J Geophys Res 97:729–737
  Hawthorne JB (1975) Model of a kimberlite pipe. Phys Chem Earth 9:1–15CrossRef
  Heiken G (1972) An atlas of volcanic ash. Smithson Contrib Earth Sci 12:1–101
  Hitzman MW (1995) Geological setting of the Irish Zn-Pb-(Ba-Ag) Orefield. In: Anderson K, Ashton J, Earls G, Hitzman M, Tear S (eds) Irish Carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb Deposits. Vol. 21 of Guidebook Series. Society of Economic Geologists, pp 3–24
  Hitzman MW, Beaty DW (1996) The Irish Zn-Pb-(Ba) Orefield. Soc Econ Geol Spec Publ 4:112–143
  Hitzman MW, Redmond PB, Beaty DW (2002) The carbonate-hosted Lisheen Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, County Tipperary, Ireland. Econ Geol 97:1627–1655CrossRef
  Holland CH, Sanders IS (2009) The Geology of Ireland, 2nd edn. Dunedin Academic Press
  Houghton BF , Wilson CJN (1989) A vesicularity index for pyroclastic deposits. Bull Volcanol 51:451–462CrossRef
  Houghton BF, Smith RT (1993) Recycling of magmatic clasts during explosive eruptions: estimating the true juvenile content of phreatomagmatic volcanic deposits. Bull Volcanol 55:414–420CrossRef
  Houghton BF, Wilson CJN, Smith IEM (1999) Shallow-seated controls on styles of explosive basaltic volcanism: a case study from New Zealand. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 91:97–120CrossRef
  Humphris SE, Thompson G (1978) Hydrothermal alteration of oceanic basalts by seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 42:107–125CrossRef
  Ingram RL (1964) Terminology for the thickness of stratification and parting units in sedimentary units. Bull Geol Society of America 86:937–938
  Kneller B , Branney MJ (1995) Sustained high-density turbdity currents and the deposition of thick massive sands. Sedimentology 42:607–616CrossRef
  Kokelaar BP (1983) The mechanism of Surtseyan volcanism. J Geol Society of London 140:939–944CrossRef
  Kokelaar BP (1986) Magma-water interactions in subaqueous and emergent basaltic volcanism. Bull Volcanol 48:275–289CrossRef
  Kurszlaukis S , Barnett W (2003) Volcanological and structural aspects of the Venetia kimberlite cluster - as case study of South African kimberlite maar-diatreme volcanoes. South African J Geol 106:145–172
  Kurszlaukis S , Franz L , Lorenz V (1998) On the volcanology of the Gibeon kimberlite field, Namibia. J Volcanol Geother Res 84:257–272CrossRef
  Kurszlaukis S , Lorenz V (1997) Volcanological features of a low-viscosity melt: the carbonatitic Gross Brukkaros volcanic field, Namibia. Bull Volcanol 58:421–431CrossRef
  Leahy K (1997) Discrimination of reworked pyroclastics from primary tephra-fall tuffs: a case study using kimberlites of Fort a la Corne, Saskatchewan, Canada. Bull Volcanol 59:65–71CrossRef
  Lees A , Miller J (1985) Facies variation in Waulsortian buildups. part 2; Mid-Dinantian buildups from Europe and North America. Geol J 20:159–180CrossRef
  Lefebvre NS , White JDL, Kjarsgaard BA (2013) Unbedded diatreme deposits reveal maar-diatreme-forming eruptive processes: Standing Rocks West, Hopi Buttes, Navajo Nation, USA. Bull Volcanol 75:739–756CrossRef
  Lloyd FE, Stoppa F (2003) Pelletal lapilli in diatremes—some inspiration from the old masters. GeoLines 15:65–71
  Lorenz V (1975) Formation of phreatomagmatic maar-diatreme volcanoes and its relevance to kimberlite diatremes. Phys Chem Earth 9:17–27CrossRef
  Lorenz V (1985) Maars and diatremes of phreatomagmatic origin: a review. Transac Geol Society of South Africa 88:459–470
  Lorenz V (1986) On the growth of maars and diatremes and its relevance to the formation of tuff rings. Bull Volcanol 48:265–274CrossRef
  Lorenz V (2003) Maar-diatreme volcanoes, their formation, and their setting in hard-rock or soft-rock environments. Geolines 15:72–83
  Lorenz V (2007) Syn- and posteruptive hazards of maar-diatreme volcanoes. J Volcanol Geother Res 159:285–312CrossRef
  Lorenz V , Kurszlaukis S (2007) Root zone processes in the phreatomagmatic pipe emplacement model and consequences for the evolution of maar–diatreme volcanoes. J Volcanol Geother Res 159:4–32CrossRef
  Lorenz V, Zimanowski B, Buettner R (2002) On the formation of deep-seated subterranean peperite-like magma-sediment mixtures. J Volcanol Geother Res 114:107–118CrossRef
  MacLean WH (1980) Mass change calculations in altered rock series. Miner Deposita 25:44–49CrossRef
  Mangan MT, Cashman KV (1996) The structure of basaltic scoria and reticulite and inferences for vesiculation, foam formation, and fragmentation in lava fountains. J Volcanol Geother Res 73:1–18CrossRef
  Mattsson HB (2010) Textural variation in juvenile pyroclasts from an emergent, Surtseyan-type, volcani eruption: the Capelas tuff cone, Sao Miguel (Azores). J Volcanol Geother Res 189:81–91CrossRef
  Mattsson HB, Hoskuldsson A, Hand S (2005) Crustal xenoliths in the 6220 BP saefell tuff-cone, south Iceland: Evidence for a deep, diatreme-forming, Surtseyan eruption. J Volcanol Geother Res 145:234–248CrossRef
  McClintock M, White JDL (2006) Large phreatomagmatic vent complex at Coombs Hills, Antarctica: wet, explosive initiation of flood basalt volcanism in the Ferrar-Karoo LIP. Bull Volcanol 68:215–239CrossRef
  McCusker J, Reed C (2013) The role of intrusions in the formation of Irish-type mineralisation. Miner Deposita 48:687–695CrossRef
  Mitchell RH (1990) Kimberlites and lamproites: Primary sources of diamond. Geoscience Canada 18:1–16
  Moore JG (1985) Structure and eruptive mechanisms at Surtsey Volcano, Iceland. Geol Mag 122:649–661CrossRef
  Mueller W, White JDL (1992) Felsic fire-fountaining beneath Archean seas: Pyroclastic deposits of the 2730 Ma Hunter Mine Group, Quebec, Canada. J Volcanol Geother Res 54:117–134CrossRef
  Mundula F , Cioni R , Funedda A, Leone F (2013) Lithofacies characteristics of diatreme deposits: Examples from a basaltic volcanic field of SW Sardinia (Italy). J Volcanol Geother Res 255:1–14CrossRef
  Nemec W, Steel RJ (1984) Alluvial and coastal conglomerates: their significant features and some comments on gravelly mass-flow deposits. In: Sedimentology of Gravels and Conglomerates. Vol. 10. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geology Memoirs, pp 1–31
  Nemeth K, Martin U, Harangi S (2001) Miocene phreatomagmatic volcanism at Tihany (Pannonian Basin, Hungary). J. Volcanol Geother Res 111:111–135CrossRef
  Pittari A, Cas RAF, Lefebvre NS, Robey J, Kurszlaukis S, Webb K (2008) Eruption processes and facies architecture of the Orion Central kimberlite volcanic complex, Fort á la Corne, Saskatchewan; kimberlite mass flow deposits in a sedimentary basin. J Volcanol Geother Res 174:152–170CrossRef
  Porritt LA, Cas RAF, Crawford BB (2008) In-vent column collapse as an alternative model for massive volcaniclastic kimberlite emplacement: an example from the Fox kimberlite, Ekati Diamond Mine, NWT, Canada. J Volcanol Geother Res 174:90–102CrossRef
  Redmond PB (2010) The Limerick Basin: an important emerging subdistrict of the Irish Zn-Pb orefield. Soc Econ Geol Newsl 82:21–25
  Riding R (1975) Girvanella and other algae as depth indicators. Lethaia 8:173–179CrossRef
  Rollinson H (1993) Using geochemical data: Evaluation, presentation, interpretation. Pearson Education Limited
  Ross P-S, White JDL (2006) Debris jets in continental phreatomagmatic volcanoes: a field study of their subterranean deposits in the Coombs Hills vent complex, Antarctica. J Volcanol Geother Res 149:62–84CrossRef
  Ross P-S, White JDL (2012) Quantification of vesicle characteristics in some diatreme-filling deposits, and the explosivity levels of magma-water interactions within diatremes. J Volcanol Geother Res 245:55–67CrossRef
  Ross P-S, White J, Zimanowski B , Büttner R (2008) Rapid injection of particles and gas into non-fluidized granular material, and some volcanological implications. Bull Volcanol 70:1151–1168CrossRef
  Ross P-S, White J, Zimanowski B, Büttner R (2008) Multiphase flow above explosion sites in debris-filled volcanic vents: Insights from analogue experiments. J Volcanol Geother Res 178:104–112CrossRef
  Rottas KM, Houghton BF (2012) Structure, stratigraphy, and eruption dynamics of a young tuff ring: Hanauma Bay, O’ahu, Hawai’i. Bull Volcanol 74:1683–1697CrossRef
  Sahagian DL, Proussevitch AA (1998) 3D particle size distributions form 2D observations: Stereology for natural applications. J Volcanol Geother Res 84:173–196CrossRef
  Seyfried WE, Mottl M J (1982) Hydrothermal alteration of basalt by seawater under seawater-dominated conditions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 46:985–1002CrossRef
  Shea T, Houghton BF, Gurioli L, Cashman KV, Hammer JE, Hobden, BJ (2010) Textural studies of vesicles in volcanic rocks: an integrated methodology. J Volcanol Geother Res 190:271–289CrossRef
  Shimano T, Nakada S (2006) Vesiculation path of ascending magma in the 1983 and the 2000 eruptions of Miyakejima volcano, Japan. Bull Volcanol 68:549–566CrossRef
  Sohn YK (1996) Hydrovolcanic processes forming basaltic tuff rings and cones on Cheju Island, Korea. Geol Soc Am Bull 108:1199–1211CrossRef
  Somerville ID , Strogen P (1992) Ramp sedimentation in the Dinantian limestones of the Shannon Trough, Co. Limerick, Ireland. Sedimentary Geol 79:59–75CrossRef
  Somerville ID, Strogen P, Jones GL (1992) Biostratigraphy of Dinantian limestones and associated volcanic rocks in the Limerick Syncline, Ireland. Geol J 27:201–220CrossRef
  Sottili G, Taddeucci J, Palladino DM, Gaeta M, Scarlato P, Ventura G (2009) Sub-surface dynamics and eruptive styles of maars in the Colli Albani Volcanic District, Central Italy. J Volcanol Geother Res 180:189–202CrossRef
  Sparks RSJ, Baker L, Brown RJ, Field M, Schumacher J, Stripp G, Walters A (2006) Dynamical constraints on kimberlite volcanism. J Volcanol Geother Res 155:18–48CrossRef
  Strogen P (1983) The geology of the volcanic rocks of southeast County Limerick. Ph.D. thesis.University College Dublin
  Strogen P (1988) The carboniferous lithostratigraphy of southeast County Limerick, Ireland, and the origin of the shannon trough. Geol J 23:121–137CrossRef
  Strogen P, Somerville ID, Pickard NAH, Jones GL, Fleming M (1996) Controls on ramp, platform and basinal sedimentation in the Dinantian of the Dublin Basin and Shannon Trough, Ireland. Geological Society, London. Spec Publ 107:263–279CrossRef
  Timmerman MJ (2004) Timing, geodynamic setting and character of Permo-Carboniferous magmatism in the foreland of the Variscan Orogen, NW Europe. In: Wilson M, Neumann E R, Davies G R, Timmerman M J, Heeremans M, Larsen B T (eds) Permo-Carboniferous Magmatism And Rifting in Europe, vol 223. Geol Soc, London, pp 41–74
  Tsukui M, Suzuki Y (1995) Vesiculation of basaltic magma: Magmatic versus phreatomagmatic eruption in 1983 eruption of Miyakejima. Volcanol Soc Japan 40:395–399
  Utzmann A, Hansteen TH, Schminke HU (2002) Trace element mobility during sub-seafloor alteration of basaltic glass from Ocean Drilling Program site 953 (off Gran Canaria). Int J Earth Sci 91:661–679CrossRef
  Valentine GA (2012) Shallow plumbing systems for small-volume basaltic volcanoes, 2: evidence from crustal xenoliths at scoria cones and maars. J Volcanol Geother Res 223:47–63CrossRef
  Valentine GA, White JD (2012) Revised conceptual model for maar-diatremes: Subsurface processes, energetics, and eruptive products. Geology 40:1111–1114CrossRef
  Walters AL, Phillips JC, Brown RJ, Field M, Gernon T, Stripp G, Sparks RSJ (2006) The role of fluidisation in the formation of volcaniclastic kimberlite: Grain size observations and experimental investigation. J Volcanol Geother Res 155:119–137CrossRef
  White JDL (1991) Maar-diatreme phreatomagmatism at Hopi Buttes, Navajo Nation (Arizona), USA. Bull Volcanol 53:239–258CrossRef
  White JDL (1996) Pre-emergent construction of a lacustrine basaltic volcano, Pahvant Butte, Utah USA. Bull Volcanol 58:249–262CrossRef
  White JDL (2000) Subaqueous eruption-fed density currents and their deposits. Precambrian Res 101:87–109CrossRef
  White JDL, Houghton BF (2006) Primary volcaniclastic rocks. Geology 34:677CrossRef
  White JDL, Ross P-S (2011) Maar-diatreme volcanoes: a review. J Volcanol Geother Res 201:1–29CrossRef
  Wilkinson JJ, Eyre SL, Boyce AJ (2005) Ore-forming processes in Irish-Type carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposits: Evidence from mineralogy, chemistry, and isotopic composition of sulfides at the Lisheen Mine. Econ Geol 100:63–86CrossRef
  Wilson B, Neumann ER, Davies GR, Timmerman MJ, Heeremans M, Larsen BT (2004) Permo-carboniferous magmatism and rifting in Europe. Special Publications. Geological Society of London, London
  Wohletz KH, McQueen RC (1984) Experimental studies of hydromagmatic volcanism. In: Boyd F R, Boettcher A L, Company (eds) Explosive volcanism: Inception, evolution, and hazards. National Academy Press, pp 158–170
  Wood A (1957) The type-species of the genus Girvanella (calcareous algae). Palaeontology 1:22–28
  Woodcock NH, Strachan R (2000) Geological history of Britain and Ireland. Blackwell Science, Oxford
  Zhou Y, Bohor BF, Ren Y (2000) Trace element geochemistry of altered volcanic ash layers (tonsteins) in Late Permian coal-bearing formations of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou Provinces, China. Int J Coal Geol 44:305–324CrossRef
  
• 作者单位：H. A. L. Elliott (1)
  T. M. Gernon (1)
  S. Roberts (1)
  C. Hewson (2)
  
  1. Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
  2. Teck Ireland Ltd, The Murrough, Wicklow, Ireland
  
• 刊物主题：Geology; Geophysics/Geodesy; Mineralogy; Sedimentology;
• 出版者：Springer Berlin Heidelberg
• ISSN：1432-0819

文摘

Lead-zinc exploration drilling within the Limerick Basin (SW Ireland) has revealed the deep internal architecture and extra-crater deposits of five alkali-basaltic maar-diatremes. These were emplaced as part of a regional north-east south-west tectonomagmatic trend during the Lower Carboniferous Period. Field relationships and textural observations suggest that the diatremes erupted into a shallow submarine environment. Limerick trace element data indicates a genetic relationship between the diatremes and extra-crater successions of the Knockroe Formation, which records multiple diatreme filling and emptying cycles. Deposition was controlled largely by bathymetry defined by the surrounding Waulsortian carbonate mounds. An initial non-diatreme forming eruption stage occurred at the water-sediment interface, with magma-water interaction prevented by high magma ascent rates. This was followed by seawater incursion and the onset of phreatomagmatic activity. Magma-water interaction generated poorly vesicular blocky clasts, although the co-occurrence of plastically deformed and highly vesicular clasts indicate that phreatomagmatic and magmatic processes were not mutually exclusive. At a later stage, the diatreme filled with a slurry of juvenile lapilli and country rock lithic clasts, homogenised by the action of debris jets. The resulting extra-crater deposits eventually emerged above sea level, so that water ingress significantly declined, and late-stage magmatic processes became dominant. These deposits, largely confined to the deep vents, incorporate high concentrations of partially sintered globular and large ‘raggy’ lapilli showing evidence for heat retention. Our study provides new insights into the dynamics and evolution of basaltic diatremes erupting into a shallow water (20–120 m) submarine environment.