Impact of carbon nanotubes and graphene on immune cells

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• 作者：Marco Orecchioni (1)
  Davide Bedognetti (2) (3)
  Francesco Sgarrella (1)
  Francesco M Marincola (2) (3)
  Alberto Bianco (4)
  Lucia Gemma Delogu (1)
  
  1. Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia ; Universit脿 degli Studi di Sassari ; 07100 ; Sassari ; Italy
  2. Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section ; Department of Transfusion Medicine ; Clinical Center and Trans-National Institutes of Health Center for Human Immunology ; National Institutes of Health ; Bethesda ; MD ; USA
  3. Research Branch ; Sidra Medical and Research Center ; Doha ; Qatar
  4. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ; Institut de Biologie Mol茅culaire et Cellulaire ; Laboratoire d鈥橧mmunopathologie et Chimie Th茅rapeutique ; 67000 ; Strasbourg ; France
  
• 关键词：Carbon nanotubes ; Graphene ; Graphene oxide ; Nanomedicine ; Immune system ; Cells ; Therapy ; Diagnosis
• 刊名：Journal of Translational Medicine
• 出版年：2014
• 出版时间：December 2014
• 年：2014
• 卷：12
• 期：1
• 全文大小：323 KB
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• 刊物主题：Biomedicine general; Medicine/Public Health, general;
• 出版者：BioMed Central
• ISSN：1479-5876

文摘

It has been recently proposed that nanomaterials, alone or in concert with their specific biomolecular conjugates, can be used to directly modulate the immune system, therefore offering a new tool for the enhancement of immune-based therapies against infectious disease and cancer. Here, we revised the publications on the impact of functionalized carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs), graphene and carbon nanohorns on immune cells. Whereas f-CNTs are the nanomaterial most widely investigated, we noticed a progressive increase of studies focusing on graphene in the last couple of years. The majority of the works (56%) have been carried out on macrophages, following by lymphocytes (30% of the studies). In the case of lymphocytes, T cells were the most investigated (22%) followed by monocytes and dendritic cells (7%), mixed cell populations (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, 6%), and B and natural killer (NK) cells (1%). Most of the studies focused on toxicity and biocompatibility, while mechanistic insights on the effect of carbon nanotubes on immune cells are generally lacking. Only very recently high-throughput gene-expression analyses have shed new lights on unrecognized effects of carbon nanomaterials on the immune system. These investigations have demonstrated that some f-CNTs can directly elicitate specific inflammatory pathways. The interaction of graphene with the immune system is still at a very early stage of investigation. This comprehensive state of the art on biocompatible f-CNTs and graphene on immune cells provides a useful compass to guide future researches on immunological applications of carbon nanomaterials in medicine.