Iron Age Transformations at Mmadipudi Hill, Botswana: Identifying Spatial Organization Through Electromagnetic Induction Survey

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Carla E. Klehm ; Eileen G. Ernenwein
• 关键词：Magnetic susceptibility ; Geophysics ; Iron Age ; Southern Africa ; Central Cattle Pattern ; Indian Ocean trade
• 刊名：African Archaeological Review
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：March 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：33
• 期：1
• 页码：45-59
• 全文大小：1,063 KB
• 参考文献：Atwood, K. (2005). The faunal assemblage from the 100W and 90W locations at Bosutswe. MA thesis, University of Texas at Austin.
  Badenhorst, S. (2009). Phytoliths and livestock dung at Early Iron Age sites in southern Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin, 64, 45–50.
  Calabrese, J. (2005). Metals, ideology, and power: The manufacture and control of materialised ideology in the area of the Limpopo-Shashe confluence, c. CE 900 to 1300. PhD thesis, University of Witwatersrand.
  Clark, A. (1996). Seeing beneath the soil: Prospecting methods in archaeology. London: Routledge.
  Dalan, R. (2006). Magnetic susceptibility. In J. K. Johnson (Ed.), Remote sensing in archaeology: An explicitly North American perspective (pp. 161–203). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
  Davies, O. (1974). Excavations at the walled early Iron Age site in Moor Park near Estcourt. Annals of the Natal Museum, 22, 289–323.
  Denbow, J. R. (1979). Cenchrus ciliaris: An ecological indicator of Iron Age middens using aerial photography in eastern Botswana. South African Journal of Science, 75, 405–408.
  Denbow, J. R. (1982). The Toutswe tradition: A study in socioeconomic change. In R. Hitchcock & M. Smith (Eds.), Settlement in Botswana (pp. 73–86). Johannesburg: Heinemann.
  Denbow, J. R. (1983). Iron Age economics: Herding, wealth, and politics along the fringes of the Kalahari Desert during the Early Iron Age. PhD dissertation, Indiana Univesity
  Denbow, J. R. (1984). Cows and kings: A spatial and economic analysis of a hierarchical Early Iron Age settlement system in eastern Botswana. In M. Hall, G. Avery, D. M. Avery, & M. L. Wilson (Eds.), Frontiers: Southern African archaeology today (pp. 24–30). Oxford: B.A.R. International Series 207.
  Denbow, J. R. (1986). A new look at the later prehistory of the Kalahari. The Journal of African History, 27, 3–28.CrossRef
  Denbow, J. R. (1990). Congo to Kalahari: Data and hypotheses about the political economy of the western stream of the Early Iron Age. African Archaeological Review, 8, 139–175.CrossRef
  Denbow, J. R. (1999). Material culture and the dialectics of identity in the Kalahari: CE 700–1700. In S. K. McIntosh (Ed.), Beyond chiefdoms: Pathways to complexity in Africa (pp. 110–123). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
  Denbow, J. R., & Miller, D. (2007). Metal working at Bosutswe, Botswana. Journal of African Archaeology, 5, 271–313.CrossRef
  Denbow, J. R., & Wilmsen, E. (1986). The advent and course of pastoralism in the Kalahari. Science, 234, 1509–15.CrossRef
  Denbow, J. R., Klehm, C. E., & Dussubieux, L. (2015). The glass beads of Kaitsháa and early Indian Ocean trade. Antiquity, 89, 361–377.
  Denbow, J. R., Smith, J., Ndobochani, N., Atwood, K., & Miller, D. (2008). Archaeological excavations at Bosutswe, Botswana: Cultural chronology, paleo-ecology and economy. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35, 459–480.CrossRef
  Dubroc, B. (2010). The beads of Bosutswe. MA thesis, University of Texas at Austin.
  Dussubieux, L., & Gratuze, B. (2003). Non-destructive characterization of glass beads: An application to the study of glass trade between Indian and Southeast Asia. In A. Karlstrom & A. Kallen (Eds.), Fishbones and glittering emblems: Southeast Asian archaeology 2002 (pp. 135–139). Stockholm: Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities.
  Dussubieux, L., Kusimba, C. M., Gogte, V., Kusimba, S. B., Gratuze, B., & Oka, R. (2008). The trading of ancient glass beads: New analytical data from South Asian and East African soda-alumina glass beads. Archaeometry, 50, 797–821.CrossRef
  Dussubieux, L., Robertshaw, P., & Glascock, M. D. (2009). LA-ICP-MS analysis of African glass beads: Laboratory inter-comparison with an emphasis on the impact of corrosion on data interpretation. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 284, 152–161.CrossRef
  Ernenwein, E. G. (2008). A geophysical view of Pueblo Escondido: Implications for the pithouse to pueblo transition in the Jornada Mogollon. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society, 79, 125–145.
  Gaffney, C. F., Hughes, G., & Gater, J. (2005). Magnetic susceptibility survey at King Lobengula’s Palace KoBulawayo, Zimbabwe. Archaeological Prospection, 12, 31–49.CrossRef
  Gratuze, B. (1999). Obsidian characterization by laser ablation ICP-MS and its application to prehistoric trade in the Mediterranean and the Near East: Sources and distribution within the Aegean and Anatolia. Journal of Archaeological Science, 26, 869–881.CrossRef
  Huffman, T. N. (1974). The Leopard’s Kopje tradition. Museum Memoir 6. Salisbury: National Museum and Monuments of Rhodesia.
  Huffman, T. N. (1982). Archaeology and ethnohistory of the African Iron Age. Annual Review of Anthropology, 11, 133–150.CrossRef
  Huffman, T. N. (2000). Mapungubwe and the origins of the Zimbabwe culture. In M. Leslie & T. Maggs (Eds.), African naissance: The Limpopo Valley 1000 years ago (pp. 14–29). Vlaeberg: Goodwin Series, Vol. 8., South African Archaeological Society.
  Huffman, T. N. (2007). Handbook to the Iron Age: The archaeology of pre-colonial farming societies in southern Africa. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
  Johnson, J. K. (2006). Remote sensing in archaeology: An explicitly North American perspective. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
  Kiyaga-Mulindwa, D. (1990). Excavation at Lose Enclosure, Central Botswana. In P. Sinclair & G. Pwiti (Eds.), Urban Origins in Eastern Africa: Proceedings of the 1989 workshop at Great Zimbabwe (pp. 48–59). Stockholm: The Central Board of National Antiquities.
  Klehm, C. E. (2013). Local dynamics and regional dialectics in Iron Age Botswana: Case studies from the hinterland of the Bosutswe region. PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
  Kuper, A. (1980). Symbolic dimensions of the southern Bantu homestead. Africa, 50, 8–23.CrossRef
  Machacha, T. P., Maruatona, L. T., & Jennings, K. (1985). Serowe. Lobatse: Botswana Geological Survey Department.
  McNeill, J. D. (2013). Archaeological mapping using the Geonics EM38B to map terrain magnetic susceptibility (with selected case histories). Technical Note TN-35, Geonics Limited, Mississauga, ON, Candada. http://​www.​geonics.​com/​pdfs/​technicalnotes/​tn35.​pdf .
  Mussett, A. E., & Khan, M. A. (2000). Looking into the Earth: An introduction to geological geophysics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
  Plug, I. (1996). Seven centuries of Iron Age traditions at Bosutswe, Botswana: A faunal perspective. South African Journal of Science, 92, 91–97.
  Robertshaw, P., Rasoarifetra, B., Wood, M., Melchiorre, E., Popelka-Filcoff, R. S., & Glascock, M. D. (2006). Chemical analysis of glass beads from Madagascar. Journal of African Archaeology, 4, 91–109.CrossRef
  Robertshaw, P., Wood, M., Melchiorre, E., Popelka-Filcoff, R. S., & Glascock, M. D. (2010). Southern African glass beads: Chemistry, glass sources, and patterns of trade. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37, 1898–1912.CrossRef
  Sadr, K., & Rodier, X. (2012). Google Earth, GIS and stone-walled structures in southern Gauteng, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, 1034–1042.CrossRef
  Schoeman, A. (2013). Southern African late farming communities. In P. Mitchell & P. Lane (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (pp. 929–942). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  Segobye, A. K. (1998). Daughters of cattle: The significance of herding in the growth of complex societies in southern Africa between the 10th and 15th centuries AD. In S. Kent & J. Parkington (Eds.), Gender in African prehistory (pp. 227–234). Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press.
  Smith, J. (2005). Climate change and agropastoral sustainability in the Shashe/Limpopo river basin from AD 900. PhD dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand.
  Welham, K., Fleisher, J., Cheetham, P., Manley, H., Steele, C., & Wynne-Jones, S. (2014). Geophysical survey in sub-Saharan Africa: Magnetic and electromagnetic investigation of the UNESCO World Heritage site of Songo Mnara, Tanzania. Archaeological Prospection, 21, 245–253.CrossRef
  Wilmsen, E., Killick, D., Rosenstein, D., Thebe, P., & Denbow, J. R. (2009). The social geography of pottery in Botswana as reconstructed by optical petrography. Journal of African Archaeology, 7, 3–39.CrossRef
  Witten, A. J. (2006). Handbook of geophysics and archaeology. London: Equinox Publishing.
  Wood, M. (2005). Glass beads and pre-European trade in the Shashe-Limpopo region. MA thesis, University of Witwatersrand.
  Wood, M. (2011). A glass bead sequence for southern Africa from the 8th to the 16th century AD. Journal of African Archaeology, 9, 67–84.CrossRef
  Wood, M. (2012). Interconnections: Glass beads and trade in southern and eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean: 7 th to 16 th centuries AD. Uppsala: University of Uppsala.
  Wood, M., Dussubieux, L., & Robertshaw, P. (2012). Glass finds from Chibuene, a 6th to 17th century AD port in southern Mozambique. South African Archaeological Bulletin, 67, 59–74.
  
• 作者单位：Carla E. Klehm (1)
  Eileen G. Ernenwein (2)
  
  1. Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1114 One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
  2. Department of Geosciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, PO Box 70300, USA
  
• 刊物类别：Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
• 刊物主题：Social Sciences
  Archaeology
  Anthropology
  Regional and Cultural Studies
  
• 出版者：Springer Netherlands
• ISSN：1572-9842

文摘

Mmadipudi Hill (CE 550–1200) is an Iron Age site in east-central Botswana approximately 3 km west of Bosutswe, a major Iron Age trade center at the eastern edge of the Kalahari Desert. A 5,000-m2 electromagnetic induction (EMI) survey conducted in 2011 revealed a cattle post arranged in the Central Cattle Pattern, including a central animal kraal with at least three clusters of houses flanking the eastern edge. A test trench confirmed the presence of a Taukome daga structure, possibly a house, 100–150 cm in depth. The EMI survey is one of, if not the first, archaeogeophysical surveys conducted in Botswana. It has proven invaluable as a means to understand the settlement organization and to pinpoint excavations to gain a more detailed understanding of the material culture. The perspective it offered on thorn brush fencing would not have been possible through excavation alone. Although small in scope, the test excavation yielded Taukome and Toutswe artifacts related to the larger sets of issues the Bosutswe region faced as Indian Ocean trade transformed the local political economy. The nature of the relationships between Bosutswe and its surrounding communities likely evolved due to the rise of a prestige goods economy, growing inequality, and environmental degradation around CE 1200. The occupation at Mmadipudi Hill would have immediately preceded these changes. By determining the spatial organization of Mmadipudi Hill, this article begins a crucial first step towards exploring what the local settlement pattern looked like prior to CE 1200 and understanding what the relationships among sites may have been.