Global malaria eradication and the importance of Plasmodium falciparum epidemiology in Africa

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• 作者：Robert W Snow (1) (2)
  
  1. Spatial Health Metrics Group ; Department of Public Health Research ; KEMRI-Welcome Trust Research Program ; Nairobi ; Kenya
  2. Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health ; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine ; University of Oxford ; CCVTM ; Oxford ; UK
  
• 关键词：Africa ; Eradication ; Malaria ; Plasmodium falciparum
• 刊名：BMC Medicine
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：December 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：13
• 期：1
• 全文大小：922 KB
• 参考文献：1. Snow RW, Gilles HM. The epidemiology of malaria. In: Warrell DA, Gilles HM, editors. Essential malariology. 4th ed. London: Arnold; 2002. p. 85鈥?06.
  2. Baird JK. Evidence and implications of mortality associated with acute / Plasmodium vivax malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013;26:36鈥?7. CrossRef
  3. Allison AC. Protection afforded by sickle-cell trait against subtertian malarial infection. BMJ. 1954;1:290鈥?. CrossRef
  4. Dobson MJ, Malowany M, Snow RW. Malaria control in East Africa: the Kampala Conference and the Pare-Taveta Scheme: a meeting of common and high ground. Parassitologia. 2000;42:149鈥?6.
  5. Von Seidlein L, Greenwood BM. Mass administrations of antimalarial drugs. Trends Parasitol. 2003;19:452鈥?0. CrossRef
  6. Cohen JM, Smith DL, Cotter C, Ward A, Yamey G, Sabot OJ, et al. Malaria resurgence: a systematic review and assessment of its causes. Malaria J. 2012;11:112. CrossRef
  7. Snow RW, Amratia P, Kabaria CW, Noor AM, Marsh K. The changing limits and incidence of malaria in Africa: 1939鈥?009. Adv Parasitol. 2012;78:169鈥?62. CrossRef
  8. Snow RW, Omumbo JA, Lowe B, Molyneux SM, Obiero JO, Palmer A, et al. Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of / Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa. Lancet. 1997;349:1650鈥?. CrossRef
  9. Okiro EA, Al-Taiar A, Reyburn H, Idro R, Berkley J, Nokes DJ, et al. Age patterns of severe paediatric malaria and their relationship to / Plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity. Malar J. 2009;8:4. CrossRef
  10. Roca-Feltrer A, Carneiro I, Smith L, Armstrong Schellenberg JR, Greenwood B, Schellenberg D. The age patterns of severe malaria syndromes in sub-Saharan Africa across a range of transmission intensities and seasonality settings. Malar J. 2010;9:282. CrossRef
  11. Snow RW, Marsh K. The consequences of reducing transmission of / Plasmodium falciparum in Africa. Adv Parasitol. 2002;52:235鈥?4. CrossRef
  12. Noor AM, Kinyoki DK, Mundia CW, Kabaria CW, Wambua JM, Alegana VA, et al. The changing risk of / Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in Africa: 2000鈥?0: a spatial and temporal analysis of transmission intensity. Lancet. 2014;383:1739鈥?7. CrossRef
  13. Mackinnon MJ, Mwangi TN, Snow RW, Marsh K, Williams TN. Heritability of malaria in Africa. PLoS Med. 2005;2:e340. CrossRef
  14. Griffin JT, Hollingsworth D, Okell LC, Churcher TS, White M, Hinsley W, et al. Reducing / Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission in Africa: a model based evaluation of intervention strategies. PLoS Med. 2010;7:e1000324. CrossRef
  15. Smith DL, Noor AM, Hay SI, Snow RW. Predicting changing malaria risk after expanded insecticide treated net coverage in Africa. Trends Parasitol. 2009;25:511鈥?. CrossRef
  16. Roca-Feltrer A, Kwizombe CJ, Sanjoaquin MA, Sesay SS, Faragher B, Harrison J, et al. Lack of decline in childhood malaria, Malawi, 2001鈥?010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:272鈥?. CrossRef
  17. Jagannathan P, Muhindo MK, Kakuru A, Arinaitwe E, Greenhouse B, Tappero J, et al. Increasing incidence of malaria in children despite insecticide-treated bed nets and prompt anti-malarial therapy in Tororo. Uganda Malar J. 2012;11:435. CrossRef
  18. Okiro EA, Bitira D, Mbabazi G, Mpimbaza A, Alegana VA, Talisuna AO, et al. Increasing malaria hospital admissions in Uganda between 1999 and 2009. BMC Med. 2011;9:37. CrossRef
  19. Coulibaly D, Travassos MA, Kone AK, Tolo Y, Laurens MB, Traore K, et al. Stable malaria incidence despite scaling up control strategies in a malaria vaccine-testing site in Mali. Malar J. 2014;13:374. CrossRef
  20. Hamel MJ, Adazu K, Obor D, Sewe M, Vulule J, Williamson JM, et al. A reversal in reductions of child mortality in western Kenya, 2003鈥?009. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;85:597鈥?05. CrossRef
  
• 刊物主题：Medicine/Public Health, general; Biomedicine general;
• 出版者：BioMed Central
• ISSN：1741-7015

文摘

The global agenda for malaria has, once again, embraced the possibility of eradication. As history has shown, there will be no single magic bullet that can be applied to every epidemiological setting. Africa has a diverse malaria ecology, lending itself to some of the highest disease burden areas of the world and a wide range of clinical epidemiological patterns making control with our current tools challenging. This commentary highlights why the epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Africa should not be forgotten when planning an eradication strategy, and why forgetting Africa will, once again, be the single largest threat to any hope for global eradication.