Dynamics of the major plinian eruption of Samalas in 1257?A.D. (Lombok, Indonesia)

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• 作者：Céline M. Vidal ; Jean-Christophe Komorowski ; Nicole Métrich…
• 关键词：Samalas 1257 A.D. ; Plinian eruption ; Caldera ; forming eruption ; Phreatomagmatic eruption ; Eruptive dynamics ; Trace element analysis
• 刊名：Bulletin of Volcanology
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：September 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：77
• 期：9
• 全文大小：9,171 KB
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• 作者单位：Céline M. Vidal (1)
  Jean-Christophe Komorowski (1)
  Nicole Métrich (1)
  Indyo Pratomo (2)
  Nugraha Kartadinata (3)
  Oktory Prambada (3)
  Agnès Michel (1)
  Guillaume Carazzo (1) (4)
  Franck Lavigne (5)
  Jessica Rodysill (6)
  Karen Fontijn (7) (8)
  Surono (9)
  
  1. Institut de Physique du Globe, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, CNRS UMR-7154, Université Paris Diderot, 1 rue Jussieu 75238, Paris, Cedex 05, France
  2. Museum of Geology, Badan Geologi, Jl. Diponegoro 57, 40122, Bandung, Indonesia
  3. Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazards Mitigation, Badan Geologi, Jl. Diponegoro 57, 40122, Bandung, Indonesia
  4. Observatoire Volcanologique et Sismologique de la Martinique, Institut de Physique du Globe, Morne des Cadets, 97250, Fonds Saint-Denis, Martinique, FWI
  5. Laboratoire de Géographie Physique UMR 8591, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, 1 Place Aristide Briand, 92195, Meudon, France
  6. Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
  7. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK
  8. Department of Geology and Soil Science, Ghent University, Kr?gslaan 281-58, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
  9. Badan Geologi, Jl. Diponegoro 57, 40122, Bandung, Indonesia
  
• 刊物主题：Geology; Geophysics/Geodesy; Mineralogy; Sedimentology;
• 出版者：Springer Berlin Heidelberg
• ISSN：1432-0819

文摘

The 1257?A.D. caldera-forming eruption of Samalas (Lombok, Indonesia) was recently associated with the largest sulphate spike of the last 2?ky recorded in polar ice cores. It is suspected to have impacted climate both locally and at a global scale. Extensive fieldwork coupled with sedimentological, geochemical and physical analyses of eruptive products enabled us to provide new constraints on the stratigraphy and eruptive dynamics. This four-phase continuous eruption produced a total of 33-0?km3 dense rock equivalent (DRE) of deposits, consisting of (i) 7-?km3 DRE of pumiceous plinian fall products, (ii) 16?km3 DRE of pyroclastic density current deposits (PDC) and (iii) 8-?km3 DRE of co-PDC ash that settled over the surrounding islands and was identified as far as 660?km from the source on the flanks of Merapi volcano (Central Java). Widespread accretionary lapilli-rich deposits provide evidence of the occurrence of a violent phreatomagmatic phase during the eruption. With a peak mass eruption rate of 4.6?×-08?kg/s, a maximum plume height of 43?km and a dispersal index of 110,500?km2, the 1257?A.D. eruption stands as the most powerful eruption of the last millennium. Eruption dynamics are consistent with an efficient dispersal of sulphur-rich aerosols across the globe. Remarkable reproducibility of trace element analysis on a few milligrammes of pumiceous tephra provides unequivocal evidence for the geochemical correlation of 1257?A.D. proximal reference products with distal tephra identified on surrounding islands. Hence, we identify and characterise a new prominent inter-regional chronostratigraphic tephra marker.