Quantification of head sweating during rest and exercise in the heat

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Catherine O’Brien (1)
  Bruce S. Cadarette (1)
  
• 关键词：Evaporation ; Heat loss ; Helmet
• 刊名：European Journal of Applied Physiology
• 出版年：2013
• 出版时间：March 2013
• 年：2013
• 卷：113
• 期：3
• 页码：735-741
• 全文大小：285KB
• 参考文献：1. Berglund LG, Gonzalez RR (1977) Evaporation of sweat from sedentary man in humid environments. J Appl Physiol 42:767-72
  2. Bogerd CP, Brühwiler PA (2008) The role of head tilt, hair and wind speed on forced convective heat loss through full-face motorcycle helmets: a thermal manikin study. Int J Indus Ergon 38:346-53 CrossRef
  3. Borg G (1970) Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scand J Rehab Med 2:92-8
  4. Brengelmann GL, McKeag M, Rowell LB (1975) Use of dew-point detection for quantitative measurement of sweating rate. J Appl Physiol 39:498-00
  5. Cabanac M, Brinnel H (1988) Beards, baldness, and sweat secretion. Eur J Appl Physiol 58:39-6 CrossRef
  6. Candas V, Libert JP, Vogt JJ (1979) Human skin wettedness and evaporative efficiency of sweating. J Appl Physiol 46:522-28
  7. Chinevere TD, Cadarette BS, Goodman DA, Ely BR, Cheuvront SN, Sawka MN (2008) Efficacy of body ventilation system for reducing strain in warm and hot climates. Eur J Appl Physiol 103:307-14 CrossRef
  8. Coleman AE, Mortagy AK (1973) Ambient head temperature and football helmet design. Med Sci Sports 5:204-08 CrossRef
  9. Consolazio CF, Johnson RE, Pecora LJ (1963) The computation of metabolic balances. Physiological measurements of metabolic functions in man. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 313-39
  10. Cotter JD, Patterson MJ, Taylor NAS (1995) The topography of eccrine sweating in humans during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 71:549-54 CrossRef
  11. Egglestone GT, Robinson DJ (1999) Venting of a ballistic helmet in an attempt to reduce thermal loading. DSTO Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory. DSTO-TR-0836, Melbourne
  12. Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ, Hardy JD (1967) Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses at various ambient temperatures. Environ Res 1:1-0 CrossRef
  13. Gonzalez RR, Pandolf KB, Gagge AP (1974) Heat acclimation and decline in sweating during humidity transients. J Appl Physiol 36:419-25
  14. Havenith G, Fogarty AL, Bartlett R, Smith CJ, Ventenat V (2008) Male and female upper body sweat distribution during running measured with technical absorbents. Eur J Appl Physiol 104:245-55 CrossRef
  15. Hsu Y-L, Tai C-Y, Chen T-C (2000) Improving thermal properties of industrial safety helmets. Int J Indus Ergon 26:109-17 CrossRef
  16. Kissen AT, Summers WC, Buehring WJ, Alexander M, Smedley DC (1976) Head and neck cooling by air, water, or air plus water in hyperthermia. Aviat Space Environ Med 47:265-71
  17. Kondo N, Takano S, Aoki K, Shibasaki M, Tominaga H, Inoue Y (1998) Regional differences in the effect of exercise intensity on thermoregulatory sweating and cutaneous vasodilation. Acta Physiol Scand 164:71-8 CrossRef
  18. Kuno Y (1956) Human perspiration. Charles C Thomas, Springfield
  19. Liu X, Holmér I (1995) Evaporative heat transfer characteristics of industrial safety helmets. Appl Ergonom 26:135-40 CrossRef
  20. Machado-Moreira CA, Smith FM, van den Heuvel AMJ, Mekjavic IB, Taylor NAS (2008a) Sweat secretion from the torso during passively induced and exercise-related hyperthermia. Eur J Appl Physiol 104:265-70 CrossRef
  21. Machado-Moreira CA, Wilmink F, Meijer A, Mekjavic IB, Taylor NAS (2008b) Local differences in sweat secretion from the head. Eur J Appl Physiol 104:257-64 CrossRef
  22. Mello RP, Murphy MM, Vogel JA (1988) Relationship between a two mile run for time and maximal oxygen uptake. J Appl Sport Sci Res 2:9-2
  23. Moran DS, Shitzer A, Pandolf KB (1998) A physiological strain index to evaluate heat stress. Am J Physiol 275:R854–R860
  24. Nadel ER, Mitchell JW, Stolwijk JAJ (1971) Control of local and total sweating during exercise transients. Int J Biometeorol 15:201-06 CrossRef
  25. Nakamura M, Yoda T, Crawshaw LI, Yasuhara S, Saito Y, Kasuga M, Nagashima K, Kanosue K (2008) Regional differences in temperature sensation and thermal comfort in humans. J Appl Physiol 105:1897-906 CrossRef
  26. Park SJ, Tamura T (1992) Distribution of evaporation rate on human body surface. Ann Physiol Anthrop 11:593-09 CrossRef
  27. Patterson MJ, Stocks JM, Taylor NAS (2004) Humid heat acclimation does not elicit a preferential sweat redistribution toward the limbs. Am J Physiol 286:R512–R518
  28. Ramanathan NL (1964) A new weighting system for mean surface temperature of the human body. J Appl Physiol 19:531-33
  29. Randall WC (1946) Quantitation and regional distribution of sweat glands in man. J Clin Invest 25:761-67 CrossRef
  30. Smith CJ, Havenith G (2011) Body mapping of sweating patterns in male athletes in mild exercise-induced hyperthermia. Eur J Appl Physiol 111:1391-404 CrossRef
  31. Smolander J, Ilmarinen R, Korhonen O, Pyykk? I (1987) Circulatory and thermal responses of men with different training status to prolonged physical work in dry and humid heat. Scand J Work Environ Health 13:37-6 CrossRef
  32. Takano S, Kondo N, Shibasaki M, Aoki K, Inoue Y, Iwata A (1996) The influence of work loads on regional differences in sweating rates. Jpn J Physiol 46:183-86 CrossRef
  33. Van Brecht A, Nuyttens D, Aerts JM, Quanten S, De Bruyne G, Berckmans D (2008) Quantification of ventilation characteristics of a helmet. Appl Ergon 39:332-41 CrossRef
  34. Vokac Z, K?pke V, Keül P (1973) Assessment and analysis of the bellows ventilation of clothing. Textile Res J 73:474-82 CrossRef
  35. Wenger CB (1972) Heat of evaporation of sweat: thermodynamic considerations. J Appl Physiol 32:456-59
  36. Young AJ, Sawka MN, Epstein Y, Decristofano B, Pandolf KB (1987) Cooling different body surfaces during upper and lower body exercise. J Appl Physiol 63:1218-223
  
• 作者单位：Catherine O’Brien (1)
  Bruce S. Cadarette (1)
  
  1. Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Kansas Street, Building 42, Natick, MA, 01760-5007, USA
  
• ISSN：1439-6327

文摘

The head’s capacity for evaporative heat loss is important for design of protective helmets for use in hot environments. This study quantified head sweating rate (m sw) in eight males during rest and exercise at three metabolic rates (338?±?36, 481?±?24, 622?±?28?W) in hot-dry (HD: 45?°C, 21?%?RH) and hot-wet (HW: 35?°C, 69?%?RH) conditions (matched at 31.6?°C WBGT), which were counterbalanced. Heads were shaved, and surface area was (458?±?61?cm2) measured by 3D scanner. For measurement of head m sw, dry air was passed through a sealed helmet, whereas for forearm m sw a capsule (15.9?cm2) was ventilated with ambient air. Evaporation rate was determined from the increase in vapor pressure in the exiting air. Whole-body sweat loss was calculated from the change in nude weight plus fluid intake and corrected for respiratory fluid losses. Head m sw increased (p?=?0.001) with metabolic rate, and was lower (p?=?0.018) in HD (0.4?±?0.2?mg?cm??min? at rest to 1.1?±?0.6?mg?cm??min? at 622?W), compared to HW (0.5?±?0.3-.4?±?0.8?mg?cm??min?). Forearm m sw increased (p?<?0.001) with metabolic rate, but was higher (p?=?0.002) in HD (0.4?±?0.3-.4?±?0.7?mg?cm??min?) than HW (0.1?±?0.1-.1?±?0.3?mg?cm??min?). Whole-body sweat loss was not significantly different (p?=?0.06) between HD (647?±?139?g?m??h?) and HW (528?±?189?g?m??h?). This study demonstrates the importance of the head for evaporative heat loss, particularly for populations who wear protective clothing which can impair vapor transfer from the skin.