Mississippi waters reaching South Florida reefs under no flood conditions: synthesis of observing and modeling system findings

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• 作者：Matthieu Le Hénaff ; Vassiliki H. Kourafalou
• 关键词：Gulf of Mexico ; Mississippi River ; Florida Straits ; Connectivity ; Data assimilation
• 刊名：Ocean Dynamics
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：March 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：66
• 期：3
• 页码：435-459
• 全文大小：10,194 KB
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• 作者单位：Matthieu Le Hénaff (1) (2)
  Vassiliki H. Kourafalou (3)
  
  1. University of Miami/Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149-1098, USA
  2. NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
  3. University of Miami/Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149-1098, USA
  
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：Earth sciences
  Oceanography
  Geophysics and Geodesy
  Meteorology and Climatology
  Fluids
  Structural Foundations and Hydraulic Engineering
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
• ISSN：1616-7228

文摘

In August 2014, in situ measurements revealed an intense salinity drop impacting South Florida coral reefs, between Pulley Ridge (Southwest Florida Shelf) and the Florida Keys. The low salinity waters had a surface signal of 32 (down from 35.2) and extended over a 15–20-m deep lens. Satellite observations showed that this abrupt drop in salinity was due to a southeastward export of Mississippi River waters from the Northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM), revealing strong interaction between coastal and oceanic flows. Unlike previous events of marked long-distance Mississippi water export, this episode is not associated with Mississippi flooding conditions, which makes it a unique study case. We have developed a high-resolution (~2 km) comprehensive hydrodynamic numerical model of the GoM to study the conditions that controlled the 2014 Mississippi River water export episode. It is based on the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and assimilates remotely sensed altimetry and sea surface temperature observations, to ensure that the simulated upper-ocean is realistic. This regional model has a detailed representation of coastal physics (especially river plume dynamics) and employs high-frequency river discharge and atmospheric forcing. The combined use of the simulation and observations reveals a unique pathway that brought Mississippi waters first eastward along the Northern GoM continental shelf, under prevailing winds and the presence of an anticyclonic Loop Current eddy, then southward along the edge of the West Florida Shelf, before reaching the deep GoM. Unlike usually observed, the offshore advection of Mississippi River waters thus took place far from the Delta area, which is another specificity of the 2014 episode. Finally, in the Florida Straits, Mississippi waters were advected from the deep ocean to the continental shelf under the influence of both deep sea (particularly a cyclonic Loop Current frontal eddy) and shelf flows (wind-induced Ekman transport). The simulation, in tandem with data, thus helped analyze processes that are likely to affect the connectivity between reefs in the southern Florida region (Florida Keys, Dry Tortugas, Pulley Ridge) and remote areas (Mississippi Delta), as well as the local connectivity between neighboring reefs.